Motion Verbs, Compound Translation, Dialogue Punctuation
Classified in Spanish
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Satellite-framed vs Verb-framed Languages
In English or German, most motion verbs can express both movement and manner. They conflate manner in the verb meaning, but when they have to express direction of movement they use satellites or prepositions — satellite-framed languages. In Spanish and other Romance languages, motion verbs tend to conflate path (subir, bajar, salir) while manner must be expressed as an independent element, as an adverbial or gerundive (cojeando, de puntillas) — verb-framed languages.
Translation Approaches: Bottom-Up and Top-Down
Bottom-up approach analysis: literal translation. Top-down: from text level to word.
Lexical Fixedness and Pragmatic Units
Clear-cut problem: different degrees of fixedness and idiomaticity displayed by PU. Wide-ranging: different — not to focus on certain aspects of PU.
Strategies for Translating Compounds
- Ideal situation: the translator is able to replace the compound with an equivalent target-language compound expression, e.g. a bridging loan → un préstamo puente; globe-trotting academic → académico trotamundos.
- Relatively straightforward situation: highly conventionalized compounds that have an equivalent in Spanish, e.g. wastepaper basket → papelera.
- Compounds loaded with connotation: Egotism-à-deux (a situation in which two people are in love with each other but lack brotherly love for others) — this conveys a certain ironic attitude; the translator keeps the foreign expression.
- Metaphor or metonymy without a TL equivalent: the translator must look for a word or expression that somehow describes the implied meaning, e.g. back-door man → farsante.
- Syntactic transposition (most usual): e.g. She is a gold-digger → es buscadora de oro.
Omission: The omission of one of the elements of a compound phrase is only justified when it does not imply a loss of relevant information or when the translation of the element omitted would break the naturalness in the target language. Example: "Chekhov was Dad’s favourite all-time writer" → "Chéjov era, sin lugar a dudas, su escritor favorito."
Acotaciones y puntuación en diálogo
Las acotaciones (quién lo dijo y cómo lo dijo) suelen ir en el mismo párrafo que el parlamento y están separadas de éste por un guión que va justo antes de la acotación. Además, sólo cuando el mismo personaje sigue hablando después de la acotación y en la misma situación, pondremos otro guión al final de la acotación. Si el monólogo acaba con la acotación, ésta no se cierra con guión, sino con punto y aparte, como todos los diálogos.
Tres parlamentos + dos acotaciones — Está muy enfadado
— dijo ella, para luego añadir —:
y nos va a crear problemas
— y de repente se enfadó ella también —.
¡Pero ése va a enterarse de quién soy yo!