Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, and Plant Kingdoms: Characteristics
Classified in Biology
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The Kingdom Monera
The kingdom includes unicellular organisms, monera prokaryotes, also known as bacteria. Like all living things, they carry out the three vital functions.
The Role of Nutrition
Most bacteria are heterotrophic, but others, called autotrophic cyanobacteria, perform photosynthesis.
The Role of Relationship
These organisms may be stationary or can move by flagella or by gliding along the surface.
Playback Function
Bacteria reproduce asexually through successive divisions of their cells. Thus, they may form clusters of millions, called colonies.
Bacilli = rod-shaped
Cocos = sphere-shaped
Spirillum = spiral-shaped
Bacteria and People
Some bacteria can be harmful to our health and cause diseases such as tetanus, tuberculosis, cholera, and meningitis.
Utilities of Bacteria
Biological 1_Control: They produce powerful poisons against caterpillar pests that attack crops.
Biological 2_Fertilizers: Certain soil bacteria act as fertilizers.
Industrial 3_Activities: Bacteria produce antibiotics to treat infections.
4_Industrial Pollution Control: When there are oil spills, oil is removed with bacteria.
The Kingdom Protoctista
The protoctists are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms with very simple tissues. The best known are protozoa and algae.
The Protozoa
- They are unicellular eukaryotes, and almost all are heterotrophs.
- Nutrition: Some feed on small particles in the environment. The majority are hunters and feed on other microscopic organisms.
- Relationship: Some are stationary, but most, as is typical of organisms that must capture their food, are mobile.
- Breeding: The most common form of reproduction is the division of the cell body into two or more offspring.
Algae
- They are autotrophic eukaryotic organisms. Their cells have walls, like those of most plants. Most are unicellular, though the best known are multicellular.
- Nutrition: They perform photosynthesis and have chloroplasts.
The Mushroom Kingdom
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Their cells have a cell wall, though it is different from the cell walls of plants.
- Nutrition: Fungi are heterotrophic and feed on organic matter from other beings or their remains.
- Reproduction: To fulfill this function, fungi produce a special type of cell, spores, from which a new fungus originates.
- Relationship: The majority of fungi live fixed to the ground.
The Plant Kingdom
Plants are multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms.
- Nutrition: Plants are autotrophic, meaning they make their own organic matter through photosynthesis.
- Reproduction: They reproduce sexually or asexually.
- Connection: Plants are fixed to the ground and cannot move.
The Classification of Plants
- Seedless plants: Bryophytes and pteridophytes, such as moss and ferns.
- Seed plants: They have tissues and organs (root, stem, and leaf), have seeds, and male and female gametes.
Plants with Seeds Enclosed
Plants with seeds enclosed in fruit are called angiosperms.
Features
- The flowers have a calyx and corolla and can be unisexual.
- The seeds are protected inside a fruit.