Modernism and the Crisis of 1898 in Spain: A Cultural Shift

The 20th Century and the Crisis of Realism

In the 20th century, a crisis of realism emerged, prompting a search for solutions that manifested differently across cultures. In Spain, this movement was known as Modernism.

Modernism was characterized by a departure from reason, which had previously underpinned culture. This shift was rooted in a loss of faith in reason, leading to what is termed irrationalism. This loss of faith extended to the belief in progress.

Spanish Modernism was further influenced by the social crisis of 1898, which resulted in colonial losses, political paralysis, and a cultural crisis, leaving Spain unable to address new challenges. Spanish Modernists sought to overcome this crisis, assuming a new role as intellectuals.

These intellectuals defined their sphere of influence through the media, with a proliferation of magazines providing solutions to the crisis. Anthologies of media writings were often compiled, leading to the publication of these works in volume form.

Solutions Proposed by Intellectuals

The intellectuals proposed solutions to address Spain's decline, which they traced back to the 16th century. During the 15th century, Spanish society had adhered to its own values, enabling it to face adversity. However, from the 16th century onward, new values and principles of conduct from abroad began to take root. These values, which Modernists sought to instill, prioritized the economy.

To overcome the crisis, Spain needed to reject these externally imposed values and turn away from modernity. The key to Spain's salvation lay in the social sectors and regions that had resisted Modernism, preserving their authentic way of life. These served as examples for others seeking to end the crisis, continuing to live in the intrahistoria, untouched by progress.

The Importance of Landscape

Modernists focused on these social sectors, capturing the places where they lived. Modernism highlighted these places, particularly the landscape, with a focus on Castilla. Many Modernist works described the landscapes of Castilla, as seen in the works of Unamuno, Azorín, and A. Machado. Baroja depicted the interior of the Basque Country, while Valle-Inclán portrayed Galicia as a refuge from the crisis.

Hispanic writers adopted a similar approach, extolling not only landscapes but also pre-Columbian societies.