The modern subject is the subject of the sciences.
Classified in Social sciences
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Scientific concepts are abstract entities which allow us to identify, differentiatie and compare, with a certain amount of accuracy, the objects that make up reality and that are studied by a specific science.There 3 types: classificatory concepts: order and separate different kids of entities depending on their basic properties (troposphere). comparative concepts: classify and order things into separate groups( the hardness of minerals). Metric : are exclusive to science. They express specific properties called quantities(speed)
Scientific law: is a way of expressing the regular, constant and invariable relationship we observe between two phenomena or between thei properties.
Criterion | Type of law | Description |
Probability | *Deterministic law *Probabilistic law | *The relationship expressed in the law is always true *The relationship expressed in law is true for a certain number of cases. |
Temporary relationship between phenomena connected by the law | *Law of coexistence *Laws of succession | *These laws establish a relationship between simultaneous values of two quantities *These laws establishe the conditions beteween two successive states where one can give rise to the other. |
Possibility of interference | *Strict laws *Non-strict laws | *These establish relationships between phenomena that cannot be altered by any external circumstance. *These establish relationships between phenomena in whic there may be excpetions if certain initial conditions are bot met. |
3 basic characterisitics: universality: all natural beings and phenomena referred to by the law, without exception, are subject to it.Necessity: laws not only tell us what things are like, but also that they cannot be any other way.Predictive capacity:laws can predict events that will occur in the future, using data from the past and present.
·Scientific theories are constructed by grouping scientific laws until there is a coherent body of knowledge.
Scientific theory is a coherent body of knowledge consisting of a set of laws relating to a wide range of observable phenomena.
2 characteistics:-they use theoretical terms.-cannot be tested directly through experimentation but using the laws that make them up.
Classification of science:-Formal science are not concerned with facts, but with the relationship between a series of symbols that have been previously established according to specific rules.Experimental science: focus on observable occurrences and the relationships we can discover between them.
Scientific method:-classical model:-inductive phase:general laws are established using objective data. 3 requirements:-it must involve a great number of observations, observations must me made in a wide range of different circumstances, no statment based on observation may contradict the univeral law obtained.-deductive phase: a universal law is related to a specific case and prediction of a phenomen is made.
Problems with classical model:-lacks of necessary solidity, the first 2 requirements are vague.-Modern model(hypothetico-deductive method) : -posing a problem:impossible to explain..-Gathering empirical data: as much information as he can.-Deducing observable consequences.-experimental testing.
Techinque is practical knowledge which humans use to act on the enviroment and modify it for their own benefit. Characteristics:-It transforms reality: unlike other types of knowledge where what change is the subject thet knows it, when we use technique, relaity is modified.-It is in continous development: This is what differentiates human technical knwledge from animal skills. Whereas swallows always build their nests in the same way, we have moved on from building huts to building skyscrapers.
Technology is set of procedures, machinery and resources created thanks to the practical application of scientific knowledge. Advantages:-an increase in the efficiency of producion.-an improvment in woking conditions. Disadvanteges: -dehumanisation of work and unemployment.-Overproduction and consumerism.-Enviromental problems.