The Moderate Decade in Spain: Consolidation and Reform (1844-1854)

The Moderate Decade in Spain (1844-1854)

The Moderate Decade (1844-54) saw moderate progressives commissioned to dismantle the old regime, succeeding the liberal regime. Donoso Cortes emerged as the key theorist of conservatism during this period.

Stabilization and Constitutional Reform

The primary goal was to stabilize the new order by reforming the Constitution of 1837. Under Narváez, reforms focused on limiting press freedoms through censorship and establishing a centralized administration that granted greater power to the crown. The National Militia was disbanded, and the Civil Guard was created in 1844. The current ministerial organization dates back to this era.

Judicial and Legal Framework

The Supreme Court was established as the apex of the administration of justice. Significant efforts were made in formulating both the civil and criminal codes.

Economic and Fiscal Policies

Alejandro Mon implemented tax reforms, reorganizing the tax system through direct taxes and consumption taxes on items like food and drink. Provincial regions were subjected to the laws of the rest of Spain in areas such as military service.

The Constitution of 1845

The Constitution of 1845 was distinctly moderate. Its preamble established two fundamental principles:

• It rejected the notion that sovereignty resides solely in the people.
• It asserted that dual sovereignty was shared between the King and the Courts (Parliament).

Structure of the Courts

The Courts were divided into two chambers:

1. Congress (elected)
2. Senate (members appointed by the crown for life)

The electoral system was oligarchic, with significant economic requirements restricting the right to vote. Small districts favored control by notable figures in the provinces, contrasting with the progressive agenda. The removal of limitations on the King's powers was a key feature. The constitution focused on the administration of justice rather than a distinct judicial power. The ordinance established a centralized system, allowing the government to directly appoint mayors in municipalities.

Relations with the Church

Moderates restored relations with the Pope following the break caused by Mendizabal's confiscation. The Concordat of 1851 was signed with the Church, categorically stating that the religion of the Spanish nation was Catholic Apostolic and Roman.