Modal Verbs and Reported Speech
Classified in Electronics
Written at on English with a size of 3.65 KB.
Modals
Present
- Advice: OUGHT TO EAT/ SHOULD VISIT/ SHOULDN’T EAT/ MUST WATCH
- Obligation: MUST STUDY/ HAS TO HELP
- Absence of obligation/necessity: DON’T HAVE TO GO/ NEEDN’T WEAR
- Prohibition: CAN’T SMOKE / MUSTN’T TAKE
Past
- Regret, criticism, or past advice: SHOULD HAVE ASKED /SHOULDN’T HAVE LEFT/ OUGHT TO HAVE TOLD
- Past obligation: HAD TO SAVE
- No past necessity: NEEDN’T HAVE RUSHED
- Absence of past obligation: DIDN’T HAVE TO GIVE/ DIDN’T NEED TO GO
Present Deduction
- Possibility or speculation: COULD RAIN/ MAY BE/ MIGHT NOT BE
- Affirmative deduction: MUST BE
- Negative deduction: CAN’T BE
Past Deduction
- Past possibility: MAY HAVE LEFT/ MIGHT HAVE GIVEN
- Past possibility that didn’t happen: COULD HAVE MADE
- Logical conclusion about a past action: MUST HAVE MADE
- Certainty of past impossibility: CAN’T HAVE BEEN / COULDN’T HAVE TOLD
Reported Speech
Tense Changes
- Present simple (I go…) à Past simple (she went)
- Present continuous (are planning) à Past continuous (were planning)
- Past simple (I went) à Past perfect simple (had gone)
- Present perfect simple (have left) à Past perfect simple (had left)
- Will (will help) à Would (would help)
- Can (can play) à Could (could play)
- May (may be) à Might (might be)
- Must/have to à Had to
Reported Questions
Yes/No Questions
- Subject + reporting verb + if + subject + verb: “Does the airline have a child-friendly policy?” Asked the passenger. à The passenger asked if the airline has a child-friendly policy.
Wh- Questions
- Subject + reporting verb + wh + subject + verb: “Where do you usually stay?” Asked Glenn. à Glenn asked us where we usually stayed.
Orders and Requests
- Subject + told/asked + indirect object + infinitive with TO: “Buy me a magazine”, said Clare. à Clare told me to buy her a magazine.
Reporting Verbs
- Agree: TO + INFINITIVE
- Regret: LAMENT + ING
- Admit: ING
- Accuse: ACCUSE + OBJECT + OF + DOING SOMETHING
- Promise: TO + INFINITIVE
- Insist: ON + ING
- Warn: TO + INFINITIVE
- Suggest: ING (if the person is included) / THAT (if not included)
- Advise: TO + INFINITIVE
- Offer: TO + INFINITIVE
- Apologize: FOR + ING (for doing something) / FOR + HAVING DONE SOMETHING (for having done something)
Relative Clauses
Relative Pronouns
- WHO/THAT: people
- WHICH/THAT: things or ideas
- WHOSE: possession
- WHERE: place
- WHEN: time
- WHY: reason
Relatives with Prepositions
- Formal: Preposition before pronoun: This is the university FOR WHICH I’ve applied.
- People: Use WHOM: The people WITH WHOM we work are really pleasant.