Modal Verbs, Present Perfect, Past Simple, and Relative Clauses
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English with a size of 3.19 KB.
Modal Verbs
1. Ability
- Present: Can/Can't (e.g., I can speak 3 languages)
- Past: Could/Couldn't (e.g., I could play tennis when I was ten)
2. Advice
Should/Shouldn't (e.g., You should go to the doctor)
3. Obligation
- Have to (has, had...): The obligation does not come from the subject. (e.g., She has to do it)
- Must: The obligation comes from the subject. (e.g., You must study)
4. Lack of Obligation
Don't have to/Doesn't have to (e.g., You don't have to come, it's not necessary.)
5. Prohibition
Mustn't
- You mustn't exceed the speed limit when you drive.
- You mustn't insult your classmates.
6. Certainty
- If I am sure it is true: Must (e.g., He must be rich)
- If I am sure it is not true: Can't (e.g., He can't be your teacher, he's 19)
- If I am not sure it is true: May (e.g., He may be out.)
- If I am not sure it is not true: May not (e.g., He may not feel well.)
Present Perfect and Past Simple
Present Perfect
- (+): Subject + have/has + past participle
- (-): Subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle
- (?): Have/Has + subject + past participle
Past Simple
- (+): Subject + past simple verb
- (-): Subject + didn't + base form verb
- (?): Did + subject + base form verb + ?
Technology Vocabulary
- Access: Acceso
- Comment: Comentario
- Edit: Editar
- Host: Anfitrión
- Launch: Lanzamiento
- Log on/off: Encender/Apagar
- Network: Red
- Register: Registro
- Respond: Responder
- Transfer: Transferir
- Upload: Subir
Relative Clauses
Defining Relative Clauses
They do not use commas, they join two sentences and define the subject so that we know who it refers to.
- Who (person): The man who speaks English is...
- Which (thing): The schools which are in cities are...
- Where (place): The restaurant where I work is...
- Whose (possessive): The man whose wife is...
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
They give extra information about the subject.
- Ana, who is 19, likes pasta.
- La Salle, which is 100 years old, is...
- Benicarlo, where people ___, is...
- John, whose dad is 90, lives...