Mineral Characteristics: Sulfates and Carbonates

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Sulfate Minerals

MineralChemical FormulaHabitColorLusterDiaphaneityStreakFractureTenacityHardness
AnhydriteCaSO4RhombicWhite with grayish tinge, bluish, reddishVitreous, pearlyTranslucentGrayish whiteIrregularFragile3 - 3.5
GypsumCaSO4·2H2OPrismaticColorless, white, yellow, red, chestnutVitreous, pearly, silkyTransparent to translucentWhiteFibrous, conchoidalFragile2
BariteBaSO4RhombicIncluding white, shades of blue, or redVitreous, pearly, resinousTransparent to translucentWhiteIrregularVery fragile, brittle3 - 3.5
AnglesitePbSO4RhombicWhite, dyed yellow, gray, green, blueVitreous, resinousTransparentWhiteConchoidalFragile2.75 - 3
AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6RhombohedralWhite, gray or redVitreousTransparentWhiteIrregularFragile3.5 - 4
ChalcanthiteCuSO4·5H2OTriclinicStrong blue, sky blueVitreousTranslucentClearConchoidalFragile2.5
BrochantiteCu4SO4(OH)6PrismaticEmerald green, blackish greenVitreous, pearlyClear to translucentPale greenIrregularFragile3.5 - 4
JarositeKFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6RhombohedralYellow ocherVitreous to subadamantineClear to translucentBright yellowIrregularFragile2.5 - 3

Carbonate, Phosphate, and Arsenate Minerals

MineralChemical FormulaHabitColorLusterDiaphaneityStreakFractureTenacityHardness
CalciteCaCO3HexagonalWhite, including with grayish, reddish, greenish, blue and yellowVitreous to earthyTransparent to opaqueWhite to grayConchoidalBrittle, fragile3
AragoniteCaCO3RhombicColorless, white, pale yellowVitreous to resinousTransparent to translucentWhiteSubconchoidalFragile, brittle3.5 - 4
RhodochrositeMnCO3HexagonalPink to red, to dark brownVitreous, pearlyTransparent to translucentWhiteIrregularFragile3.5 - 4.5
CerussitePbCO3RhombicColorless, white or grayishAdamantine to vitreous, resinous or pearlyTransparent to subtranslucentWhite, clearConchoidalBrittle, very fragile3 - 3.5
AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2MonoclinicIntense blueVitreousTransparent to translucentClear blueConchoidalBrittle, fragile3.5 - 4
MalachiteCu2CO3(OH)2MonoclinicBright greenAdamantine to vitreousTranslucent to opaquePale green, earthySubconchoidal, irregularBrittle, fragile3.5 - 4
ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)HexagonalGreenish or brownish, also blue, violet to clearVitreous, subresinousClear to translucentWhiteConchoidal or irregularBrittle, fragile5
TurquoiseCuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2OTriclinicBlue, teal, greenWaxyTransparentWhite or greenishConchoidalVery brittle, fragile6
ErythriteCo3(AsO4)2·8H2OMonoclinicCarmine to bright red pinkAdamantine to vitreousTranslucentPaler in colorIrregularFragile, sectile1.5 - 2.5
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hardness color minerals physical properties carbonates sulfates