Middle Ages Knowledge, Scientific Revolution, Baroque Art

Knowledge Sources in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, knowledge gained from the Holy Scriptures was given more credibility than information acquired through experiments.

The 17th Century Scientific Revolution

A scientific revolution is considered to have taken place in the 17th century due to significant advancements across various fields:

• In astronomy, the heliocentric theory of the universe was proposed.
• In medicine, physicians began dissecting human bodies, making progress in the field of anatomy.
• In physics and chemistry, the properties of matter were discovered.
• In geography, highly accurate world maps were created.
• In botany and zoology, the first classifications of living organisms were made.

Nicolaus Copernicus and His Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who formulated a new hypothesis about the structure of the universe that opposed the Ptolemaic model. He delayed publication due to fear of criticism and persecution from the Catholic Church.

Galileo Galilei's Astronomical Discoveries

Galileo Galilei made numerous discoveries in the fields of physics, optics, and astronomy. His method was different in that he observed the universe with an astronomical telescope, which he invented in 1609.

Baroque Period Aesthetic Values

New aesthetic values established in the Baroque period include:

• Emphasis on motion and complexity through the use of curved, concave, and convex shapes.
• Shapes were created through light and color, rather than drawing.
• Realism was used to heighten emotions and move or surprise the viewer.
• Drama and symbolism, often presenting artworks as theatrical backdrops to draw onlookers into the world of feeling and sensations.

Characteristics of Baroque Architecture

Key characteristics of Baroque architecture include:

• Columns
• Balustrades
• Cornices
• Galleries over chapels
• Tambours
• Domes
• Lanterns
• Bell towers
• Elaborately decorated altarpieces
• Pulpits
• Side chapels
• Rows of balconies

Characteristics of Baroque Sculpture

Baroque sculptures are characterized by:

• Figures captured in the middle of an action, making them appear unstable and likely to fall over at any moment.
• The use of curved lines and numerous folds of clothing, making the sculptures even more dynamic.
• Marble and bronze were popular materials, and most sculptures portrayed religious or mythological scenes.

Copernicus's "On the Revolutions" Publication

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who formulated a new hypothesis about the structure of the universe that opposed the Ptolemaic model. He wrote about his theories in the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543). Afraid of the criticism it might receive, the book was not published until shortly before his death.