Material Properties and Structural Forces

Force

Force is an action capable of producing or modifying the state of motion or deformation. It can be observed through the effects produced by contact or distance between two bodies. Forces are represented by arrows indicating direction and sense. They are measured using a dynamometer, with the unit being Newton.

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical properties determine the behavior of materials when subjected to forces.

Resistance

The ability of a material to resist forces without distorting or breaking.

• Tenacity and Fragility: Tenacity is the property of a material to withstand forces and shocks without breaking, while fragility is the opposite.
• Elasticity: The property of a material to recover its original shape after being deformed by a force.
• Plasticity: The ability of a material to deform without breaking.
• Ductility: The property of a material to deform into a thin wire without breaking.
• Malleability: The property of a material to deform into a thin sheet without breaking.
• Hardness: The property that indicates the opposition a material offers to being scratched or penetrated.

Efforts

When a force is applied to a body, it is subjected to an effort or stress. This depends on the size, shape, and type of material.

Traction

Occurs when two opposing forces act on a body, tending to stretch it.

Compression

The effort supported by, for example, chair legs when we sit, holding the weight of our body. Forces act in opposite directions.

Buckling

Deformation endured by bodies subjected to compression when they are long and thin.

Flexion

Occurs when forces acting on a piece are applied against its longitudinal axis, causing it to curve.

Torsion

The effect of forces that cause a body to turn or twist.

Shear

Example: Scissors.

Structure

A structure is a unit of elements designed to support forces. It can be formed by blocks, beams, etc.

Functions

Support external and internal forces, hold its own weight, and maintain stability.

Types

Framework

Formed by a group of resistant elements that constitute the skeleton of various objects or buildings.

Sheets

Composed of sheets or panels, usually surrounding the object.

Structure Design

Considers various factors to withstand forces and fulfill its intended function. Important factors include material and shape.