Mastering Instructional Texts, Pronouns, and Spanish Grammar

Instructional Texts: A Comprehensive Overview

Instructional texts describe, step-by-step, directions to perform a necessary action. These texts are used for giving orders, rules, warnings, or advice.

Structure of Instructional Texts

The structure of an instructional text usually consists of two parts: the objective and the instructions.

Language Characteristics

The language of an instructional text features clear and precise vocabulary, use of the imperative mood, and a prevalence of simple sentences.

Pronouns: A Detailed Explanation

Pronouns are words that replace a noun. Personal pronouns serve to indicate the grammatical persons involved in communication. Forms of demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, numeral pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and exclamative pronouns generally agree with the determinative adjective. Pronouns are crucial when replacing a noun phrase.

Types of Pronouns

• Demonstrative Pronouns: Replace a noun phrase and indicate the distance from the speaker.
• Possessive Pronouns: Replace a noun phrase and indicate possession or ownership.
• Indefinite Pronouns: Replace a noun phrase and indicate imprecise quantity.
• Numeral Pronouns: Replace a noun phrase and indicate the amount or order required.
• Interrogative Pronouns and Exclamative Pronouns: Replace a noun phrase and introduce a question or exclamation, respectively.
• Relative Pronouns: Replace a previous noun, called the antecedent.

Spanish Grammar: Suffixes and Accentuation

Suffixes

• Adverbs: -ing
• Adjectives: -oso, -a, -ico, -al, -ar, -il, -esque, -uda, -ent
• Verbs: -ador, -edor, -clarifier, -ante, -ente, -iente, -able, -ible

General Rules of Accentuation

1. Words ending in N or S are accented on the last syllable.
2. Words ending in a consonant (except N or S) are accented on the penultimate syllable.
3. All antepenultimate syllables are accented.

Spanish Literary Forms

• Serranilla: A lyric poem about loving relationships, often involving a gentleman helping a mountain woman.
• Ode: A lyric poem expressing feelings toward someone or something admired.
• Elegy: A lyric poem expressing feelings of grief over the death of a loved one or the disappearance of something valuable.
• Letrilla: A lyric poem expressing feelings of derision.

Lexicon

• Simple Words: Those formed by a single independent lexeme or morpheme.
• Derived Words: Those formed by one or more lexemes and derivational morphemes, capable of carrying inflections.
• Compound Words: Those formed by two or more tokens and two or more independent morphemes.

Spelling Rules

• Diphthongs: Follow accentuation rules; if the tonic syllable is accented, the accent goes on the vowel.
• Adverbs ending in -mente: Retain the accent of the adjective from which they originate.