Mastering English Verb Tenses, Phrasal Verbs, and Grammar
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English Verb Tenses: Active and Passive Voice
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | opens | is/are opened |
| Present Continuous | is/are opening | is/are being opened |
| Past Simple | opened | was/were opened |
| Past Continuous | was/were opening | was/were being opened |
| Present Perfect | has/have opened | has/have been opened |
| Past Perfect | had opened | had been opened |
| Future Simple | will open | will be opened |
| Future Perfect | will have opened | will have been opened |
| Conditional | would open | would be opened |
| Conditional Perfect | would have opened | would have been opened |
| Present Infinitive | to open | to be opened |
| Perfect Infinitive | to have opened | to have been opened |
Common English Phrasal Verbs
- Come across: Descubrir (Discover)
- Bring up: Mencionar / Educar (Mention / Raise)
- Come along: Acompañar a alguien (Accompany someone)
- Find out: Descubrir (Discover)
- Come off: Caerse (Fall off)
- Cut down: Reducir (Reduce)
- Come out: Aparecer (Appear)
- Turn up: Subir el volumen (Increase the volume)
- Turn on: Encender (Turn on)
- Turn down: Bajar el volumen (Decrease the volume)
- Get on (with): Llevarse bien con alguien (Get along with someone)
- Turn off: Apagar (Turn off)
- Get up: Levantarse (de la cama) (Get out of bed)
- Fall off: Caer / Bajar (Fall / Go down)
- Get over: Recuperarse (Recover)
- Break down: Dejar de funcionar (Stop working)
- Get into: Entrar (Enter)
- Set off: Explosionar/Sonar una alarma / Empezar una jornada (Explode/Alarm sounds / Start a journey)
- Get out of: Salir de (Get out of)
- Sit down: Sentarse (Sit down)
- Get by: Sobrevivir (Survive)
- Call on: Visitar (Visit)
- Get at: Criticar / Alcanzar / Querer decir (Criticize / Reach / Mean)
- Call off: Cancelar algo (Cancel something)
- Hold on: Esperar (al teléfono) (Wait (on the phone))
- Go off: Empezar / Explotar (Start / Explode)
- Think over: Considerar (Consider)
- Go with: Acompañar / Salir con / Quedar bien (Accompany / Date / Look good)
- Run out of: Quedarse sin algo (Run out of something)
- Go up: Subir o escalar / Incrementar (Go up or climb / Increase)
- Give up: Rendirse (Give up)
- Go down: Bajar (Go down)
- Do away with: Abolir (Abolish)
- Go through: Sufrir, pasar por dificultades (Suffer, go through difficulties)
- Pick up: Coger algo con las manos (Pick something up with your hands)
- Go over: Tener éxito (Be successful)
- Write down: Escribir notas (Write notes)
- Go for: Intentar lograr (Try to achieve)
- Go in for: Participar (Participate)
- Go along with: Aceptar una decisión o sugerencia (Accept a decision or suggestion)
- Look into: Investigar (Investigate)
- Look after: Cuidar (Take care of)
- Look forward to: Esperar algo con ganas (Look forward to something)
- Put out: Extinguir / Gastar (Extinguish / Spend)
- Put off: Posponer (Postpone)
- Put up with: Tolerar (Tolerate)
- Take back: Devolver algo a una tienda / Retirar algo que dijiste (Return something to a store / Take back something you said)
- Take after: Parecerse a (Resemble)
- Take off: Eliminar, borrar (Remove, delete)
- Take out: Acompañar a una persona en una cita (Take a person on a date)
- Take over: Tomar el control de (Take control of)
Modal Verbs
- Ability: can/can't (present simple), could/couldn't (past simple), be able to (other tenses)
- Permission: can/could, may I (formal)
- Obligation: must/have to/need to
- Prohibition: mustn't/don't have to (not necessary)
- Advice: should/shouldn't/ought to
- Possibility: may (possible), might (more possible), could (you could win the lottery)
- Deduction: must (affirmative, must be), can't (negative, cannot be)
Perfect Form of Modal Verbs
Subject + modal verb + have (not) + verb (past participle)
Conditionals
- 1st Conditional: (Things that can happen) If + Present Simple, Subject + Will + Verb (infinitive). Example: If I go tomorrow, I'll see Mary. (Si voy mañana, veré a Mary.)
- 2nd Conditional: (Imaginary situations) If + Past Simple, Subject + Would + Verb (infinitive). Example: If I won the lottery, I'd buy a car. (Si ganara la lotería, me compraría un coche.)
- 3rd Conditional: (Imaginary situations in the past) If + Past Perfect, Subject + Would + have + Verb (past participle). Example: If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam. (Si yo hubiera estudiado más, habría aprobado el examen.)
Wish Clauses
Wish + past simple/continuous (for present situations), wish + past perfect simple/continuous (had + past participle) (for past situations). IF ONLY: used to express a strong feeling about a situation and to talk about regrets.
Vocabulary (Unit 6)
- Branch: branch
- Advert: advertisement
- Wallet: wallet
- Cash: cash
- Label: label
- Sale: sale
- Bargain: bargain
- Shopping center: shopping center
- Checkout: checkout
- Discount: discount
- Size: size
- Card: card
- Afford: afford
- Purchase: purchase
- Cost: cost
- Lend: lend
- Charge: charge
- Waste: waste
- Borrow: borrow
- Spend: spend
- Earn: earn