Mastering English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials
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English Grammar Essentials
Understanding Passive and Active Voice
Active Voice: Subject + Verb + Complement (Object)
Passive Voice: Complement (Object) + To Be + Verb (third column/past participle) + by + Subject
Examples of Passive Voice Forms:
- Simple Passive: are arrested / were arrested
- Continuous Passive: are being arrested / were being arrested
- Perfect Passive: have been arrested / has been arrested
- Infinitive Passive: to be arrested
Impersonal Passive Constructions
These constructions are used when the agent of the action is unknown or unimportant, often starting with "It is said that..." or "He is thought to...".
- You can use It is said, believed, etc. + that + clause.
- You can use He, The man, etc. (i.e., the subject of the clause) + is said, believed, etc. + to + infinitive or perfect infinitive.
Future Perfect and Future Continuous Tenses
Future Perfect Tense
Use the future perfect to say something will be finished before a certain time in the future.
- By + a time expression: indicates "at the latest".
- Time expressions: by Saturday / March / 2030... or in two weeks / months.
Future Continuous Tense
Use the future continuous to say that an action will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
- We sometimes use the future continuous, like the present continuous, to talk about things which are already planned or decided.
Vocabulary Building
Crime and Justice Terminology
Common Crimes
- blackmail chantaje
- bribery soborno
- burglary robo
- drug dealing tráfico de drogas
- fraud fraude
- hijacking secuestro (of vehicles/planes)
- kidnapping secuestro (of people)
- mugging asalto
- murder asesinato
- rape violación
- robbery robo
- smuggling contrabando
- terrorism terrorismo
- theft robo
- vandalism vandalismo
What Happens to a Criminal: Legal Process
- arrested
- caught
- charged
- committed (a crime)
- investigated
- questioned
Legal Outcomes and Terms
- acquitted absuelto
- court tribunal / juzgado
- evidence pruebas
- guilty culpable
- judge juez
- jury jurado
- not guilty no culpable / inocente
- proof pruebas
- punishment pena / castigo
- sentenced sentenciado
- verdict veredicto
- witnesses testigos
Weather and Climate Vocabulary
Describing Weather Conditions
- below zero bajo cero
- breeze brisa
- chilly frío
- cool fresco
- damp húmedo
- drizzling lloviznando
- freezing helado
- gale-force huracanado
- mild templado
- pouring (with rain) diluviando / llover a cántaros
- scorching abrasador
- showers chubascos
- warm cálido
Extreme Weather Phenomena
- blizzard tormenta de nieve
- drought sequía
- flood inundación
- hailstorm granizada
- heatwave ola de calor
- hurricane huracán
- lightning relámpagos
- monsoon monzón
- thunder trueno
- tornado tornado
Weather Adjectives and Verbs
- bright muy luminoso
- changeable cambiante
- clear claro
- heavy fuerte (e.g., heavy rain)
- icy helado
- settled estable / sin cambios
- strong fuerte (e.g., strong wind)
- sunny soleado
- thick denso (e.g., thick fog)
- slippery resbaladizo
- shivering tiritando
- sweating sudando
- get soaked empaparse
- humid húmedo
- melt derretir
- get sunburnt quemarse con el sol