Mastering English Grammar, Vocabulary, and CLIL Principles

English Verb Tenses: Usage & Keywords

Present Simple Tense

• Usage: Routines, habits, facts.
• Example: Juego (I play)

Present Continuous Tense

• Usage: Actions happening now, at the moment, this week, currently.
• Keywords: Now, at the moment, this week, currently, next month (for future arrangements).
• Note: Stative verbs (e.g., verbs of liking, feeling, knowing) are generally not used in continuous tenses.
• Example: Estoy jugando (I am playing)

Present Perfect Tense

• Usage: Actions completed at an unspecified time, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Often specifies duration.
• Keywords: Yet, already, just, since, ever, always, never, once, twice, times.
• Note: Since is often used with verbs of feeling to indicate duration.
• Example: He jugado (I have played)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

• Usage: Emphasizes the duration of an action that started in the past and continues up to the present or has just finished.
• Keywords: All day long, all morning, how long, a long time, since, for.
• Example: He estado (I have been)

Past Simple Tense

• Usage: Completed actions in the past at a specific time.
• Keywords: When, yesterday, ago, last.
• Note: The Past Simple can interrupt an action in the Past Continuous.

Past Continuous Tense

• Usage: Actions in progress at a specific time in the past.
• Keywords: While, at specific hours.
• Example: Estaba (I was / He was)

Past Perfect Simple Tense

• Usage: Actions that took place in the past before other past actions.
• Keywords: Already, just, yet.
• Example: Había (I had / He had)

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

• Usage: Emphasizes the duration of an action that was completed in the past before another past action.
• Keywords: All day long, all morning, how long, a long time, since, for.
• Example: Había estado (I had been / He had been)

Future Simple Tense (Will)

• Usage: Unpredictable future, spontaneous decisions, predictions, promises.
• Keywords: I think, probably, I'm sure, promise, don't worry, guess.
• Example: Llamaré (I will call)

Future with 'Be Going To'

• Usage: Immediate future, plans, intentions, predictions based on evidence.
• Keywords: Tomorrow, next week, next month, soon, plan to...
• Example: Voy a llamar (I am going to call)

Future Continuous Tense

• Usage: Actions in progress at a specific time in the future.
• Keywords: All this time, at (a specific time), on (a specific day), in (a specific month/year).
• Example: Estaré llamando (I will be calling)

Future Perfect Tense

• Usage: Actions that will be completed before a specific moment in the future.
• Keywords: By (a specific time, year, the end of the year, the time, the age...).
• Example: Habré llamado (I will have called)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

• Usage: Emphasizes the duration of an action that will be in progress up to a certain point in the future.
• Keywords: By (a specific time, year, the end of the year, the time, the age...), for (duration).
• Example: Habré estado llamando (I will have been calling)

Fitness & Exercise Vocabulary

Action Verbs for Movement

• Move: Mover (to move)
• Raise: Levantar (to lift/raise)
• Lower: Bajar (to lower)
• Turn: Girar (to turn)
• Hang: Inclinar (to hang/lean)
• Stand: Estar de pie (to stand)
• Touch: Tocar (to touch)
• Lean: Inclinar (to lean)
• Hold: Sujetar (to hold)
• Bend: Inclinarse (to bend)
• Straighten: Estirar (to straighten)
• Bring: Traer (to bring)
• Stand still: Quieto (to stand still)
• Sit on the floor: Sentarse en el suelo (to sit on the floor)
• Lie: Tumbarse (to lie down)

Body Positions & Directions

• On your back: Boca arriba (on your back)
• On your stomach: Boca abajo (on your stomach)
• Raise your arms: Levanta tus brazos (raise your arms)
• Raise your left leg: Levanta tu pierna izquierda (raise your left leg)
• Forward: Adelante (forward)
• To your shoulders' height: Hacia la altura de tus hombros (to your shoulders' height)
• Sideward: De lado (sideward)
• Above your head: Sobre tu cabeza (above your head)
• Backward: Hacia atrás (backward)
• Lie on your back: Acuéstate boca arriba (lie on your back)
• Lie on your stomach: Acuéstate boca abajo (lie on your stomach)

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

Understanding CLIL: A Dual-Focused Approach

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a dual-focused educational approach where a non-native language is used for the learning and teaching of both content and language. This means that in the teaching and learning process, the focus is not solely on content, nor solely on language; rather, it is an innovative fusion of both elements.

CLIL in the Modern Knowledge Age

CLIL has emerged as an innovative form of education, developed in response to the demands and expectations of the modern age. In an era often characterized by 'quick-fix' solutions, it is crucial to contextualize CLIL. It is not merely a convenient response to the challenges posed by rapid globalization; instead, CLIL represents a robust solution that aligns with broader social perspectives and has consistently proven its effectiveness.