Mastering English Grammar: Tenses, Voice, and Clauses

Active and Passive Voice Tense Transformations

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Examples:

• Present Simple: Active: They love | Passive: They are loved
• Present Continuous: Active: They are loving | Passive: They are being loved
• Past Simple: Active: They loved | Passive: They were loved
• Past Continuous: Active: They were loving | Passive: They were being loved
• Present Perfect: Active: They have loved | Passive: They have been loved
• Past Perfect: Active: They had loved | Passive: They had been loved
• Future (Will): Active: They will love | Passive: They will be loved
• Future (Going To): Active: They are going to love | Passive: They are going to be loved

Future Continuous and Future Perfect Tenses

Future Continuous Structure

Formula: WILL + BE + V-ING

Example: I will be waiting (Te estaré esperando)

Future Perfect Structure

Formula: WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Example: I will have decided (Habré decidido)

Conditional Sentences

1. First Conditional (Real Possibility)

   Structure: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + INFINITIVE

   Example: If you study, you will pass your exam.

   (Si estudias, pasarás el examen)

2. Second Conditional (Unreal Present)

   Structure: IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + INFINITIVE

   Example: If you studied, you would pass your exam.

   (Si estudiaras, pasarías el examen)

3. Third Conditional (Unreal Past)

   Structure: IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

   Example: If you had studied, you would have passed your exam.

   (Si hubieras estudiado, habrías pasado el examen)

Reported Speech (Tense Shifts)

Direct Speech Tense shifts to Reported Speech Tense:

• Present Simple → Past Simple

  Direct: "I finish the homework." | Reported: He said he finished the homework.

• Present Continuous → Past Continuous

  Direct: "I’m finishing the homework." | Reported: He said he was finishing the homework.

• Past Simple → Past Perfect

  Direct: "I finished the homework." | Reported: He said he had finished the homework.

• Present Perfect → Past Perfect

  Direct: "I have finished the homework." | Reported: He said he had finished the homework.

• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous

  Direct: "I have been finishing the homework." | Reported: He said he had been finishing the homework.

• Future (Will) → Conditional (Would)

  Direct: "I will finish the homework." | Reported: He said he would finish the homework.

Relative Clauses

Defining Relative Clauses

• Información esencial (Essential information).
• Utilizamos WHO/THAT para introducir una persona.
• Utilizamos WHICH/THAT para introducir una cosa.
• Utilizamos WHOSE para posesivos.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

• Información no esencial (Non-essential information).
• No utilizamos THAT.
• Utilizamos WHO para personas, WHICH para cosas y WHOSE para posesivos.
• La información no esencial va entre comas.