Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Causative, and More

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Passive Voice

  • Active: The secretary types the letter.
  • Passive: The letters are typed by the secretary.
  • Future Simple: Will type / Will be typed
  • Past Simple: Typed / Were typed
  • Modal: Can type / Can be typed
  • Present Continuous: Am/is/are being + past participle
  • Present Perfect Simple: Have / has been + past participle

Impersonal Voice

  1. It is thought/said/believed + that...
  2. Subject + is considered/thought/said + to be...

The Causative (get/have + object + verb 3rd form)

Often associated with professions. Changes depending on the verbal tenses.

Ex: The painters painted my house / I had my house painted by the painters.

Wish Clauses

  1. Wish + subject + past simple (about the future): Not reality, but you want it to happen. Ej: I wish I were a rich man.
  2. Wish + could + infinitive (about the future): Ej: I wish we could go to the beach this weekend.
  3. Wish + conditional simple (an annoying situation): Ej: I wish they would stop making that noise.
  4. Wish + past perfect (regret): Already happened. Ej: I wish I hadn't told him my secret.

I wish = If only

Relative Clauses

Relative pronouns: Who or that / which or that / whose / whom / where / when / why

Defining Clauses

  • Essential information.
  • We can use "that" instead of "who" or "which."

Ej: The boy who lives next door is a tennis player.

* The relative pronouns can be omitted in some cases: The task the teacher corrected was really hard.

Non-Defining Clauses

  • Extra information.
  • We use commas around them.
  • "That" is NOT an option.
  • The relative pronouns cannot be omitted.

Ej: María, who won a medal last year, is going to take part in the marathon.

Conditionals

Zero Conditional: If + present simple - present simple

  • Facts.
  • It always happens.

Ej: If I drink coffee, I don't sleep.

First Conditional: If + present simple - will + infinitive

  • Probable situations.

Ej: If I stay at home tonight, I will watch series.

Second Conditional: If + past simple - would + infinitive

  • Not probable situations.
  • Unreal situations.
  • Hypothesis.
  • Advice.

Ej: If I won the lottery, I would travel around Europe. Advice: If I were you, I would order a pizza.

Third Conditional: If + past perfect (had + verb 3rd form) - would have + verb 3rd form

  • Regrets.
  • Past situations.

Ej: If I had studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.

English Tenses

  • Present: simple - I do / continuous - I am doing / perfect - I have done / perfect continuous - I have been doing.
  • Past: simple - I did / continuous - I was doing / perfect - I had done / perfect continuous - I had been doing.
  • Future: simple - I will do / continuous - I will be doing / perfect - I will have done / perfect continuous - I will have been doing.

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