Mastering Conditional Sentences, Passive Voice, and Reported Speech in English

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + Present Simple -> Future Simple or may/might + Imperative

Examples:

• If you are left-handed, you will face many disadvantages.
• You will meet a lot of people if you travel abroad.
• If she is free tomorrow, she may/might attend the concert too.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + Past Simple -> would + Base Form or could/might

Examples:

• If we had enough money, we would buy a new car.
• You could/might learn more this year if you studied harder.

Third Conditional

Structure: If + Past Perfect -> would have + Past Participle or could/might have

Examples:

• If I had phoned my parents, they wouldn't have been worried.
• He could/might have visited her if he had known she was ill.

Passive Voice

Present Simple

• Active: NASA studies other planets.
• Passive: Other planets are studied by NASA.

Past Simple

• Active: NASA studied other planets.
• Passive: Other planets were studied by NASA.

Future Simple

• Active: NASA will study other planets.
• Passive: Other planets will be studied by NASA.

Modals

• Active: NASA should study other planets.
• Passive: Other planets should be studied by NASA.

Present Continuous

• Active: NASA is studying other planets.
• Passive: Other planets are being studied by NASA.

Past Continuous

• Active: NASA was studying other planets.
• Passive: Other planets were being studied by NASA.

Present Perfect Simple

• Active: NASA has studied other planets.
• Passive: Other planets have been studied by NASA.

Past Perfect Simple

• Active: NASA had studied other planets.
• Passive: Other planets had been studied by NASA.

Modal Perfects

• Active: NASA must have studied other planets.
• Passive: Other planets must have been studied by NASA.

Have to

• Active: NASA has to study other planets.
• Passive: Other planets have to be studied by NASA.

Be Going To

• Active: NASA is going to study other planets.
• Passive: Other planets are going to be studied by NASA.

Reported Speech

Present Simple

She said that he worked as a policeman.

Past Simple

She said that he had worked as a policeman.

Future Simple

She said that he would work as a policeman.

Present Continuous

She said that he was working as a policeman.

Past Continuous

She said that he had been working as a policeman.

Present Perfect Simple

She said that he had worked as a policeman.

Present Perfect Continuous

She said that he had been working as a policeman.

Past Perfect Simple

She said that he had worked as a policeman.

Past Perfect Continuous

She said that he had been working as a policeman.