Mastering Communication, Grammar, and Journalistic Principles

Effective Communication & Journalistic Principles

Oral Communication Essentials

• Verbal Language: Often the most effective form of communication, utilizing the voice.
• Ephemeral: Does not remain unless recorded or fixed.
• Emotive: Spontaneous and involves a sender and receivers.
• Immediately Rectifiable: Errors can be corrected, and alternatives adapted based on the issuer and receiver.
• Adaptability: We adapt our expressive styles to circumstances, individual formality, and context (e.g., oral expression, news).

Types of Oral Communication

• Planned: Collective discussions, press conferences.
• Spontaneous: Informal talks, games.
• Formal: Used with unknown persons.

Grammar Fundamentals

• Core Elements: Nouns, articles, and determinative adjectives (possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, numeral, interrogative) play a determining function.
• Subject: The main function of the noun phrase; it agrees in number with the verb and is not preceded by a preposition.
• Note: The phrase "JNTO prayer with the preacher" was included in the original text in relation to noun phrases, though its specific context is unclear.
• Vocative: Used to call someone or something, drawing attention.
• Attribute: Appears in sentences with copular verbs (e.g., to be, to seem, to appear).

Literary & Thematic Concepts

• Polysemic: Having several meanings.
• Author: Defined by personality, life, and work.
• Epoch: The historical and literary movement to which each era belongs.
• Theme: The central idea of a work.
• Argument: The plot or storyline, also essential in novels.
• Literary Genre: Categorized as verse, lyrical prose, fiction, or theater.
• Style: The distinctive way an author writes.

Journalism & News Reporting

Understanding News

• News: A short story reporting on an event.
• Press Agencies: Offer information to journalists.
• Reporters: Cover daily events widely.
• Special Correspondents: Cover distant places or conflicts.

News Report Structure

• Introduction (Lead): A brief summary of the story.
• Body: Chronological development of the story, detailing an event from its location or a nearby moment when it occurred.
• Feature: Journalistic chronicles and comments about events, often developed after comprehensive documentation.

Grammar: Invariable Words

Adverbs

Invariable words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

• Affirmation: yes, also, indeed
• Denial: no, neither, never
• Doubt: maybe, perhaps
• Place: here, there
• Time: yesterday, today
• Manner: well, badly
• Quantity: much, little

Prepositions

Invariable words used to join or associate words or phrases in a sentence.

Conjunctions

Compound, non-coordinating, or subordinating words that link clauses or sentences.

Note: The phrase "Take + cork" was included in the original text in relation to conjunctions, though its specific meaning or function as an example is unclear.

Narrative & Journalistic Genres

• Fundamental Narrative Genres: Story (cuento) and novel (both written in prose).
• Journalistic Genres:
  • Story/Tale (Cuento): A report on an event.
  • Echoes: Follow-up reports or reactions.
  • Informed Opinion: Articles expressing viewpoints about news events.
  • Editorial: Reflects the newspaper's official opinion.
  • Opinion Article: Expresses an individual's viewpoint.
  • Letters to the Editor: Readers express personal opinions or criticisms.
  • Interview: Reproduction of a dialogue between a journalist and a public figure.

Spelling & Grammar Notes

• Spelling Rule: Write words starting with "hie-" or "hue-" with an 'h'. This also applies to their derivatives.
• Attribute: A characteristic complement of copular sentences.