Mastering Adverbs, Conditionals, and Comparatives
Classified in English
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From Adjectives to Adverbs (-ment)
To form adverbs, we add -ly:
- Polite → Politely
- Adjectives ending in -y change to -ily: Happy → Happily
- Adjectives ending in -ic add -ally: Pessimistic → Pessimistically
- Irregular adverbs: Fast → Fast, Hard → Hard, Good → Well
Opposites
- Accepted → Refused
- Complicated → Simple
- Poorer → Wealthier
- Earlier → Later
- Meanness → Generosity
- End → Beginning
- Brilliant → Awful
- Import → Export
- Baggy → Tight
- Fail → Succeed
- Old-fashioned → Modern
- Raise → Lower
Third Conditional
If + Past Perfect (had/hadn't + past participle), would have + past participle
Hypothetical past events (events that didn't happen).
Example: If Mark had left earlier, he would have caught the train.
Comparatives and Superlatives
| One Syllable | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| (Short) | -er (e.g., Weaker) | The -est (e.g., The weakest) |
| Ending in -e | -r (e.g., Rarer) | The -st (e.g., The rarest) |
| Ending in vowel + consonant | Double consonant + -er (e.g., Bigger) | The -est (e.g., The biggest) |
| Ending in -y | -ier (e.g., Healthier) | The -iest (e.g., The healthiest) |
| Long Adjectives | More + adjective (e.g., More important) | The most + adjective (e.g., The most important) |
Irregular forms:
- Good → Better → The best
- Bad → Worse → The worst
Gerunds and Infinitives
| Gerunds (-ing) | Infinitives (to + verb) |
|---|---|
| Used as a subject or object. Example: Running is my favorite sport. | Explain the purpose of an action. Example: I phoned her to ask about the trip. |
| After a preposition. Example: Before opening the door, watch out if there is a car coming. | After an adjective. Example: It's wonderful to see you again. |
| After certain verbs (avoid, like, dislike, hate, love, can't stand, don't mind, enjoy, finish, practice, recommend, regret, spend time, waste time, put off, miss). Example: I like playing football. | After certain verbs (aim, intend, want, plan, need, decide, help, tend, teach, learn). Example: You need to ask your parents. |
Vocabulary
Remember, Put off, Take part in, Waste time, Forget, Aim, Concentrate on, Regret, Intend, Miss, Look forward to, Spend time
| Nouns | Adjectives |
|---|---|
| Success | Successful |
| Moodiness | Moody |
| Pessimism | Pessimistic |
| Wealth | Wealthy |
| Anxiety | Anxious |
| Generosity | Generous |
| Responsibility | Responsible |
| Optimism | Optimistic |
| Politeness | Polite |
| Passion | Passionate |
| Respect | Respectful |
| Honesty | Honest |