Master English Grammar: Conditionals and Passive Voice
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Conditionals
- Zero Conditional: If I put my finger on the sun, I get burned.
- 1st Conditional: If I'm feeling well, I will go to the mall.
- 2nd Conditional: If I won the lotto, I would travel the world.
- 3rd Conditional: If I had stopped at the traffic lights, I wouldn't have crashed.
The Causatives
Have/Get something done.
Reported Speech
Present Simple
- Direct Speech: "Go home now!"
- Reported Speech: Itziar told me to go home now.
Present Continuous
- Direct Speech: "She is making an effort."
- Reported Speech: He said that she was making an effort.
Present Perfect
- Direct Speech: "I haven't seen Julie."
- Reported Speech: She said she hadn't seen Julie.
The Passive Voice
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | The waiter serves the customer. | The customer is served by the waiter. |
| Present Continuous | The waiter is serving the customer. | The customers are being served by the waiter. |
| Past Simple | The waiter served the customer. | The customers were served by the waiter. |
| Past Continuous | The waiter was serving the customer. | The customers were being served by the waiter. |
| Present Perfect Simple | The waiter has served the customer. | The customers have been served by the waiter. |
| Past Perfect Simple | The waiter had served the customer. | The customers had been served by the waiter. |
| Future Simple | The waiter will serve the customer. | The customers will be served by the waiter. |
| Future Perfect Simple | The waiter will have served the customer. | The customers will have been served by the waiter. |
| Modals | The waiter must serve the customer. | The customers must be served by the waiter. |
| Modal Perfects | The waiter must have served the customer. | The customers must have been served by the waiter. |
| Have to | The waiter has to serve the customer. | The customers have to be served by the waiter. |
| Be going to | The waiter is going to serve the customer. | The customers are going to be served by the waiter. |
Vocabulary
- Low wages: Aren't paid much for their job.
- Welfare programs: Received money and housing from the government.
- Slums: Poor neighborhoods.
- Curfews: Prohibitions.
- Corruption: The law requires people to be indoors.
- Wealth: Having money.
- Go on strike: Don't get paid.
- Salary: Paid at the end of the month.
- Wages: Paid per week.
- Patrols: Police cars.
- Funding: Money.
- Devise: Designing.
Prefixes, Pronouns, and Modals
Prefixes
miss-, re-, mega-, over-, under-.
Relative Pronouns
who, which, whose, that.
Modal Perfects
must have, may have, could have, would have, should have.
Modals
can, may, must, will, ought to (debería), need, be to, have to, would, should, used to.