Machine Elements: Flywheels, Clutches, Bearings, and Brakes

Flywheel Functionality

A flywheel counteracts irregular movements. When irregularities occur, the flywheel helps achieve a more uniform rotation in the machine's output shaft.

Coefficient of Fluctuation in Rotating Shafts

The coefficient of fluctuation is the angular speed difference between the average angular velocities, expressed as (wf - wo) / wm.

Types of Clutches

• Friction Clutches
• Tooth Clutches
• Single-Disk Clutches
• Hydraulic Clutches

Hydraulic Clutch vs. Friction Clutch

A hydraulic clutch comprises two turbines and transmits motion using the momentum of oil at high speeds. It operates automatically without requiring any manual input. In contrast, a friction clutch requires a series of actions for proper operation.

Types of Springs

• Tension and Compression Springs: These absorb energy from vibrations or applied forces and release it slowly.
• Torsion Springs: These absorb energy when twisted and release it when the force ceases.

Types of Bearings

• Radial Bearings: These resist radial forces and are commonly used in bicycles and motors. They effectively support forces along the longitudinal axis. Common types include ball bearings and tapered roller bearings.
• Mixed Bearings: These support both radial and axial forces. They are conical and often use rollers.

Bearing Load Capacity

Bearings can withstand radial, axial, or mixed loads (supporting both axial and radial forces).

What are Bearings?

Bearings are hollow cylinders through which a shaft or axle passes. They are designed to reduce friction and are made of a softer material than the shaft to ensure they wear out first, protecting the shaft.

Brake Caliper: Description and Operation

• External Shoe: The part that rubs against the disc (pad) is coated with a high-friction material, similar to drum brakes.
• Bicycle Brakes: Friction occurs on the inside of a cylinder. The drum rubs against the shoe to stop the vehicle. This system is used in some cars.

High-Power Materials for Brakes and Friction Clutches

These include abrasive materials, organic materials, metallic compounds, lubricants (coefficient modifiers), mineral fillers, and fibers.

Bearing vs. Bushing

A bearing supports a shaft within a machine, while a bushing is a type of bearing that offers lower energy loss than friction bearings.

What are Springs?

Springs are one or more steel plates subjected to bending. One application is absorbing vibrations in heavy vehicles on bumpy roads.

Energy Sinks in Machines

Brakes are considered energy sinks because they reduce or stop the movement of one or more mechanical elements.

Achieving Tightness in Machines

Tightness in machines with moving lubricated parts is achieved through checkpoints and flow control.