Machiavelli's Political Philosophy: Power, Virtue, and the State

The Relationship Between Politics and Morality

Machiavelli should not be considered immoral or a defender of any method to keep power. Not separating politics from morality does not mean that man gives up the search for good. In Machiavelli's view, property is not a moral but a political good that seeks the common good. Its elements are security and stability, protecting oneself and others, with peace being external security. Order is the internal security of the state. It brings security and stability, so secure power is needed to establish its conditions. Order carried with virtue contributes to stability.

The Political Problem: Formation and Maintenance of a New State

The political problem is: How can a new state be formed and maintained? For the establishment of the rule, the virtues of an individual are important, especially the important qualities (righteousness) of the people. To be successful, the founder of a new state must use force and cunning without being hampered by moral scruples, using cruelty against those who oppose it. He even does not hesitate to consider that religion can be manipulated in favor of these interests.

The Role of the Prince

The Prince is the authority to preside over the new republic, a person with great personal ability and extraordinary qualities, prudent. Arms and violence will be necessary, but Machiavelli does not advocate for an absolute prince and tyrant. Instead, he sees it as an alternative in an exceptional situation because this political model of the Prince is for times of peace and glory, but for dramatic situations, even using means contrary to morality.

Machiavelli believes that a corrupt city is no longer a people. The Prince must possess great virtuosity and rebuild a town where citizens are free and respectful.

The Reason of State

The reason of state is a consequence of this thinking. The reason of state is part of his thinking. This does not mean that it refers to the common good, but this reason of state is the cause for which individuality and personal interest must be sacrificed in seeking the common good. The phrase that is often misattributed to Machiavelli, "the end justifies the means," would somehow represent this reason of state. To achieve a political end, the common good, it does not matter what means are used. There is no amorality because it pursues the political and common good. Ethics is subordinate to politics. The reason of state is determined by whoever has power in the state.