Life in Islamic Spain: Economy, People, Arts

Economy of Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was integrated into the economy of the Islamic Mediterranean. The Muslim population focused on self-sufficiency, with agriculture being the predominant activity. A growing industry and consolidated commerce also contributed to a solid economic structure.

Agriculture in Al-Andalus

Agricultural practices and irrigation infrastructure were advanced, incorporating new features like the water wheel. Crops like citrus fruits, rice, cotton, and saffron were introduced or spread. Major traditional crops included:

• Cereals
• Grapes
• Olives

Livestock

Livestock development included sheep and horses. Beekeeping also saw significant growth.

Mining

Important mining activities included the extraction of lead, copper, and cinnabar. Gold was also obtained from rivers.

Manufactures

Textile production flourished, including fine fabrics like Cordoban leather and brocade from Zaragoza. Other manufactures included:

• Pottery
• Weapons
• Glass
• Paper
• Leather goods
• Goldsmith work

Trade

Trade was facilitated by a stable currency system, featuring two main types: the gold dinar and the silver dirham.

Interior Trade

Interior trade took place in the city souks (markets). Alhóndigas (caravanserais) served as warehouses for goods and accommodation for visiting merchants.

Exterior Trade

Al-Andalus exported agricultural products, minerals, and textiles. Imports included spices, precious metals, and luxury goods.

Society in Al-Andalus

While many lived in rural areas, cities also grew significantly. Andalusian cities developed from existing Roman and Visigothic settlements, while Muslims also founded new cities like Almería, Madrid, and Córdoba. At the top of the social structure was the Andalusi aristocracy, composed of families of Arab and Visigothic descent. This group owned vast lands. A new merchant class emerged, alongside established classes of artisans and peasants. Historical sources indicate that women generally held an inferior position compared to men.

Culture and Arts

Moorish architecture is characterized by elements such as arches, domes, and rich ornamentation based on geometric motifs, floral patterns, and calligraphy.

The Great Mosque of Cordoba

Often seen as a symbol of Al-Andalus, its construction began in the 8th century (by Abd al-Rahman I) and underwent successive enlargements.

Madinat al-Zahra Palace City

The palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra, built by Abd al-Rahman III, was another significant cultural achievement.