Late 19th and Early 20th Century Global Transformations

The Turn of the Century World Economy

Germany led European industrial production, powered by its robust iron and steel industry, utilizing advancements like the Bessemer converter. The United States industrialized rapidly in the latter half of the 19th century, fueled by European immigration which expanded its workforce.

Imperialism

Definition: During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, developed nations seized control of regions worldwide, establishing colonies and expanding empires.

The Colonial Empires

The British Empire, the largest, encompassed colonies across North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, notably India and Australia. The French empire, though smaller, held colonies in Africa and Asia.

Causes of Imperial Expansion

The primary drivers of imperial expansion were the rise of finance capitalism and rapid industrial development. Colonies provided industrialized nations with inexpensive raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.

Consequences of Imperialism

• European culture was imposed upon colonies by a minority.
• Imperial rivalries contributed to the First World War.
• The global economy became severely imbalanced as wealthy nations controlled industry, trade, and exploited less developed countries.

The Rise of Consumer Society

A Changing World

• Advertising: Businesses employed posters and print advertisements to promote products.
• Luxury Items: The upper class displayed wealth through luxury goods.
• Tourism: Travel became a popular leisure activity for the affluent.
• Cinemas: Cinematographic technology led to the establishment of cinemas globally.

Spanish Society: Political Parties

• 1879: Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)
• 1881: Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española (Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region)
• 1888: Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers)
• 1910: Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores (National Confederation of Workers)