Language Teaching Methods: Translation to Immersion

Grammar Translation Method

• Based on translation.
• Study of literature in the target language (L2).
• Instruction in the native language (L1).
• Focus on reading and writing.
• Vocabulary taught through word lists.
• Sentence is the basic teaching unit.
• Grammar taught deductively: explanation followed by exercises.

Natural/Direct Method

• Emphasis on spoken language learning.
• Meaning acquired through context.
• Grammar learned inductively.

Advantages

• Classroom instruction in L2.
• Vocabulary through demonstrations (objects, pictures).
• Emphasis on correct pronunciation and grammar.
• Everyday vocabulary and sentences.
• Graded oral communication skills.

Disadvantages

• Requires teachers with high/native English proficiency.
• Time-consuming explanations in L2.

Audiolingual/Oral Approach

Principles

• Selection
• Gradation
• Situational presentation

Mechanical Habit Formation

• Drills
• Dialogues about everyday situations
• Spoken language precedes written: listening → speaking → reading → writing

Total Physical Response

• Coordination of speech and action.
• Commands increase in complexity.
• Active student participation.
• Comprehension precedes production.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

Content and L2 are reinforced simultaneously.

CLIL Involves

• Majority language of students.
• Language being studied.
• Activities in L2.

Emphasis on integration, reinforcing L1 knowledge.

Why CLIL?

• Language exposure without extra curriculum time.
• Language as a vehicle for learning, not the object.