Language and Communication: Accent, Bilingual, Cognate, and More

Language and Communication: Accent

Accent: the way a person speaks a language, influenced by their native language or region.

Bilingual:

Bilingüe: someone who can speak two languages fluently.

Cognate:

Cognat: words in different languages that have a similar origin and meaning.

Comment on:

Fer comentaris sobre: to express an opinion or remark about something.

False friend:

Fals amic: a word that looks or sounds similar in two languages but has a different meaning.

Fluently:

Amb fluïdesa: speaking a language smoothly and without hesitation.

Have a chat:

Fer petar la xerrada: to have a casual conversation.

Have a dialogue:

Mantenir un diàleg: to engage in a conversation.

Have a discussion:

Fer un debat: to talk about a topic and exchange opinions.

Have an argument:

Discutir: to disagree and express conflicting views.

Idiom:

Frase feta: a group of words with a figurative meaning that is different from the literal meaning of the individual words.

Keep in touch:

Mantenir-se en contacte: to stay connected and communicate with someone.

Meaning:

Significat: the definition or interpretation of a word or phrase.

Mother tongue:

Llengua materna: the first language a person learns and speaks.

Proverb:

Refrany: a short saying that expresses a common truth or piece of advice.

Saying:

Dita, expressió: a phrase or expression that conveys a specific meaning.

Second language:

Segona llengua: a language that a person learns in addition to their native language.

Slang:

Argot: informal language used by a particular group or community.

Speak in public:

Parlar en públic: to address an audience and deliver a speech or presentation.

Spread a rumour:

Escampar un rumor: to share information or gossip that may or may not be true.

Synonym:

Sinònim: a word or phrase that has the same or a similar meaning as another word.

Translation:

Traducció: the act of converting text from one language to another.

The Internet and Social Networks: Blogger, Chatroom, Cyberbully, and More

Blogger:

Bloguer: a person who writes and maintains a blog.

Chatroom:

Xat restringit: an online platform where people can communicate and chat in real-time.

Cyberbully:

Buling a través d'internet: the act of bullying someone using digital technology or online platforms.

Delete an account:

Suprimir un compte: to remove or deactivate an online account.

Follower:

Seguidor: a person who subscribes to and follows someone's updates or posts on social media.

Go online:

Connectar-se a internet: to access the internet and browse websites or use online services.

Hacker:

Pirata: a person who gains unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.

Internet addiction:

Addicció a internet: a compulsive and excessive use of the internet that interferes with daily life.

Log off:

Tancar la sessió: to end an online session or log out of an account.

Post an update:

Publicar una actualització: to share a new post or status update on social media.

Post online:

Publicar a internet: to publish or share content on the internet.

Profile update:

Actualització de perfil: making changes or adding new information to one's online profile.

Retweet:

Retuitejar: to share someone else's tweet on Twitter.

Safe site:

Lloc segur: a website or online platform that is secure and free from potential risks or threats.

Screen time:

Temps davant la pantalla: the amount of time spent using electronic devices with screens.

Shop online:

Comprar per internet: to make purchases or buy products and services through online platforms.

Social network:

Xarxa social: an online platform or community where people can connect, share information, and interact with others.

Tweet:

Tweet: a short message or post on Twitter.

Unread mail:

Missatge no llegit: an email or message that has not been opened or read.

On the Phone: Call Back, Cut Off, Get Through, and More

Call back:

Tornar a trucar: to return a phone call.

Cut off:

Tallar-se el telèfon: to abruptly end a phone call.

Get through:

Comunicar-se: to successfully make contact with someone through a phone call.

Hang up:

Penjar: to end a phone call by putting the receiver down.

Listen in:

Escoltar: to secretly listen to a conversation without participating.

Make a call:

Fer una trucada: to initiate a phone call.

Quieten down:

Parlar més fluix: to speak more quietly or lower the volume of one's voice.

Ring up:

Trucar: to make a phone call.

Run out of:

Esgotar-se la bateria: to have no more battery power remaining.

Top up:

Carregar al màxim: to recharge a device's battery to its maximum capacity.

Turn down:

Abaixar el volum: to decrease the volume or intensity of sound.

False Friends and Cognates: Case, Cure, Etiquette, and More

Case:

Cas: a particular instance or example of something.

Cure:

Curar: to alleviate or eliminate a disease or medical condition.

Etiquette:

Etiqueta: the customary code of polite behavior in society or a specific setting.

Manners:

Maneres: socially acceptable behavior or conduct.

Realize:

Ser conscient de: to become aware of or understand something.

Stay:

Quedar-se: to remain in a particular place or condition.

English Grammar: Stative Verb List, Present Simple/ Present Continuous, and More

Stative Verb List (PRESENT SIMPLE):

• Agree
• Appear
• Believe
• Belong
• Concern
• Consist
• Contain
• Depend
• Deserve
• Disagree
• Dislike
• Doubt
• Feel
• Fit
• Hate
• Hear
• Impress
• Include
• Involve
• Know
• Like
• Love
• Matter
• Mean
• Measure
• Mind
• Need
• Owe
• Own
• Prefer
• Promise
• Realise
• Recognise
• Remember
• Seem
• Sound
• Suppose
• Surprise
• Understand
• Want
• Weigh
• Wish

PRESENT SIMPLE/ PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

Be, think, have, see, taste

STATIVE VERBS:

Believe, know, understand, remember, forget, think

REPORTED SPEECH:

Tense changes:

Present Simple – Past Simple, Present Continuous – Past Continuous, Present perfect simple – Past perfect simple, Past simple – Past perfect simple, Past perfect simple – Past Perfect Simple, am/is/are going to – was/were going to.

Modal verbs:

Will – would, can – could, must – had to

Time expressions:

Now – at the moment, today – that day, tonight – that night, this (morning, week) – that (morning, week), yesterday – the day before, last (week, month, year) – the (week, month, a year) before, (two days/ a year) ago – (two days/ a year) earlier, tomorrow – the next following day, next (week) – the following (week).

Place:

This – that, these – those, here – there.

Questions:

Where are you going? Mum asked where I was going. Are you famous? he asked her. He asked her if she was famous. Do you like horror films? she asked. She asked if I liked horror films.

Commands:

Affirmative commands: to + infinitive. Negative commands: not + to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands:

Direct Speech: Dad: "Do your homework."

Reported Speech: Dad told me to do my homework.

Negative commands:

Direct Speech: Teacher: "Don't talk to your friend."

Reported Speech: The teacher told me not to talk to my friend.

Say & told:

Say (+that) + reported speech. Tell + indirect object + that + reported and tell + object + to + infinitive.

REPORTING VERBS:

Verb + object + to + V.infinitive: reminded, warned, invited, ordered, advised, permitted, persuaded. Verb + to + V.infinitive: promised, refused, agreed, offered, decided, proposed. Verb + Ving: Admitted, Suggested, Denied, Recommended. Verb + preposition + Ving: Apologised for, Insisted on, Complained about, Warned about. Verb + object + preposition + Ving: Suspected, Accused sb of, Advised sb against, Congratulated sb on. Verb + that + subj + Verb reported: Explained, Said, Complained, Insisted, Demanded. Verb + Object + that + subj + Verb reported: Persuaded, Reminded, Warned, Informed.

CONNECTORS:

Contrast:

Tot i que (Although, even though) + subj + verb. No obstant: S1... (Nevertheless/however)...S2. Mentre que: While.

Purpose:

Per tal de (to, so as to, in order to) + Vinf. So that + Subj + Verb.

Addition:

També (too, as well). A més a més (Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Also).

Result:

A causa de (because of, due to) + noun. For this reason, that's why + subj + verb. Per tal de (so as to) + Vinf. Perquè (since, because) + subj + noun.

So/Such:

Tan. So + Adj/Adv + ... that. Such + a/an + adj + noun ... that.