Key Terms from Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe
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- Avignon: City in France where Pope Clement V moved the Church.
- Great Schism: Division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome.
- John Wycliffe: English man that challenged the papacy. He preached that Jesus Christ was the true head of the church and not the pope.
- Jan Hus: Professor in Bohemia; taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope.
- Bubonic Plague: Deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe, killing millions of people. Three effects of this were that the town population fell, trade declined, and the serfs left the manor in search of better ways.
- Hundred Years War: Conflict between England and France for the French crown from 1337 to 1453.
- Joan of Arc: Teenage French peasant girl felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. She fought the winning battle against the English and helped Charles VII become king.
- Renaissance: Period of European history during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.
- Humanism: Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.
- Secular: Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters.
- Patron: Person who supports artists, especially financially.
- Perspective: Artistic technique that creates the appearance of 3 dimensions on a flat surface.
- Vernacular: Language of people in a region or country.
- Utopia: Imaginary land described by Thomas More.
- William Shakespeare: Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age.
- Johann Gutenberg: Craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way.
- Indulgence: Pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin.
- Reformation: Movement of religious reform.
- Protestant: Member of a Christian Church founded on the Reformation. Protestantism spread throughout Europe and the world.
- Peace of Augsburg: 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.
- Annul: Cancel or set aside.
- Anglican: Relating to the Church of England.
- Predestination: Doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved.
- Calvinism: Body of religious teaching based on the ideas of John Calvin.
- Theocracy: Government controlled by religious leaders.
- Presbyterian: Member of a Protestant church governed by presbyters and founded on the teaching of John Knox.
- Anabaptist: Member of a Protestant group that believed in adult baptism.
- Catholic Reformation: Movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation.
- Jesuits: Member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
- Council of Trent: Meeting of Roman Catholic leaders called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.