Key Terms: French Revolution and 19th Century Europe
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Key Historical Terms
Concordat
An agreement that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state.
Congress of Vienna
A conference between the European powers that defeated Napoleon, to establish European borders and secure peace.
Conservative Republic
The third phase of the French Revolution, initiated by the moderate bourgeoisie. Its government was opposed by the aristocracy and the common people.
Consulate
A period between 1799 and 1804 of autocratic and authoritarian rule; the government of France during this period.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A text written during the first phase of the French Revolution that recognised the rights, freedom, and equality of all male citizens in law and taxation.
Directory
The government of the last phase of the French Revolution, led by the moderate bourgeoisie. It faced opposition from both the common people and the aristocracy.
Estates-General
A meeting of representatives of the clergy, the nobles, and the common people, called by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to the financial crisis.
Girondins
A political group made up of the moderate bourgeoisie during the French Revolution.
Holy Alliance Treaty
An alliance of the Russian and Austrian Empires and the Kingdom of Prussia to stop the spread of liberalism.
Jacobins
A group of radical republicans during the French Revolution.
Legislative Assembly
The law-making body of France between October 1791 and September 1792.
Liberalism
A political philosophy that states that people are free and have fundamental rights.
National Assembly
The French Third Estate who, in 1789, declared themselves representatives of the nation. Later known as the National Constituent Assembly, which was replaced by the Legislative Assembly in 1791.
Reign of Terror
A period of violence that lasted almost a year during which the opponents of the Jacobins were executed.
Right of Veto
The power to stop decisions or laws.
Sans-Culottes
The lower classes in France in the 18th century who wanted social, economic, and political equality.
Social Republic
The second phase of the French Revolution during which a republic was declared and the Reign of Terror was imposed.
Spring of Nations
A series of democratic revolutions in Europe in 1848.