Key Historical Events: Humanism, Monarchies, Treaties & Conquests
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Humanism and the Rise of Monarchies
Humanism: A complex movement encompassing all areas of life—literary, philosophical, religious, and scientific.
Bourgeoisie: Paperwork done by civil servants.
Authoritarian Monarchy: The king reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over the nobility and limiting the autonomy of municipalities.
Key Treaties and Territorial Divisions
Treaty of Alcáçovas: Granted Castile the right to conquer the Canary Islands, while Portugal was allowed to explore the African coast south of Cape Bojador.
Treaty of Tordesillas: Established a frontier 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands; lands west belonged to Castile, and lands east to Portugal.
Charles I's Territories (1516-1556)
Inherited from maternal grandparents: Aragon, Castile, Naples, North African cities, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, and American colonies.
Inherited from paternal grandparents: Austria, Flanders.
Religious and Political Divisions
- Venice: Catholics
- Scotland: Puritans
- England: Anglicans
- Castile: Catholics
- Switzerland: Calvinist
- France: Catholics and Huguenots
- Florence: Catholics
- United Provinces: Calvinist
- Holy Roman Empire: Catholics and Calvinists
- Portugal: Catholics
Mid-15th Century Transformations
Bye-bye to: Byzantine Empire, feudalism, Western religious unity, medieval culture.
Welcome to: New territories, authoritarian monarchies, wars for European hegemony, humanism.
Reigns of Charles I
Inherited from maternal grandparents: Aragon, Castile, Naples, North African cities, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, American colonies.
Inherited from paternal grandparents: Austria, Flanders.
Conquered: French Comté, Milan, territories in America.
Key Facts about Charles I and Philip II
a) False: Charles I gave the Austrian territories to his brother Ferdinand.
b) False: Philip II inherited Portugal from his mother Isabel.
c) False: The Invincible Armada was sent to England, not the Netherlands.
d) False: The union of Castile and Aragon was dynastic, while Granada and Navarre were territorial.
e) True: The capitulation system allowed the conquest of several territories simultaneously.
f) False: There were two phases in the conquest of America: first Mexico and Peru, then the rest.
g) False: The Indies belonged only to the Crown of Castile.
h) True: The Indies were divided into two viceroyalties: New Spain and Peru.
i) False: The mita, not the encomienda, was a system of forced labor in the mines.
j) True: Haciendas and estancias were worked by natives following a feudal system called encomienda.