Key Events in 20th Century Spanish History

Stages of 20th Century Spain

The 20th century in Spain was divided into several distinct stages:

• Crisis of the Bourbon Restoration
• The Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera
• The Second Republic
• The Civil War
• The Francoist Dictatorship
• The Transition and Democracy

Beginning of the 20th Century in Spain

The 20th century in Spain began upon the death of Alfonso XII, who was succeeded by his wife, María Cristina de Austria. Her regency coincided with the Disaster of 1898, through which Spain lost part of its last colonies to the United States. This event generated a deep social crisis, leading to the emergence of Regenerationism movements, which advocated for a clean state without corruption.

Political Parties During Alfonso XIII's Reign

When Alfonso XIII came to power, both the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party attempted to implement a series of governmental measures, albeit with limited success, to democratize and modernize Spanish political life. During this period, Republicans, Socialists, and Nationalists acquired a greater role.

Discontent Against the Restoration System

Deep discontent against the Restoration system manifested itself in 1909 through a popular revolt of an anti-militarist and anti-clerical nature known as the Tragic Week. This uprising was severely crushed by the army, leading to a period of significant political instability. The crisis re-emerged in 1917, with growing discontent not only among the opposition but also within certain sectors of the army. Furthermore, the worsening living conditions of the working classes caused great social unrest, culminating in a general strike.

Events of 1923 in Spain

In 1923, General Primo de Rivera staged a coup and established a military dictatorship.

Measures of Miguel Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship

All these events revealed the serious crisis of the Restoration system. In 1923, General Primo de Rivera staged a coup and established a military dictatorship.

(Note: The original document repeats the same information for this question as for the previous one.)

Moroccan Conflict During the Dictatorship

Spain controlled the northern part of the territory in Morocco, specifically the Rif region. This occupation faced strong opposition from the Berbers, leading to persistent conflict. The successive defeats of the Spanish army generated significant public opposition. The military landing in Alhucemas ultimately ended the conflict, establishing effective control over the protectorate.

End of Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship

Opposition to the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera gradually increased, leading to his resignation in January 1930. An attempted coup d’état occurred in Jaca on December 12, 1930. Subsequently, local elections were called and held on April 12, 1931, resulting in the triumph of the Republicans. Alfonso XIII suspended royal authority and left the country. On April 14, 1931, the Second Republic was proclaimed.