Key English Structures, Tenses, and Lexicon for Learners

English Verb Tenses and Structures

Present Simple (P. SIMPL)

• (+) Affirmative: Subject + Verb + Complement
• (-) Negative: Subject + don't/doesn't + Verb (infinitive) + Complement
• (?) Interrogative: Do/Does + Subject + Verb (infinitive) + Complement

Present Continuous (P. CONTIN)

• (+) Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + Verb (-ing) + Complement
• (-) Negative: Subject + aren't/isn't/am not + Complement
• (?) Interrogative: (Wh-word) + am/is/are + Subject + Verb (-ing)

Present Perfect (PR. PERFECT)

• (+) Affirmative: Subject + have/has + Past Participle
• (-) Negative: Subject + haven't/hasn't + Past Participle
• (?) Interrogative: (Wh-word) + have/has + Subject + Past Participle

Future Tenses

• Future Simple: will + Verb (infinitive)
• Future Continuous: Subject + will + be + Verb (-ing)
• Future Perfect: Subject + will + have + Past Participle

Communication Methods

• Computer network (red de ordenador)
• Face-to-face conversation
• Instant messaging (mensajería instantánea)
• Postal service (servicio postal)
• Sign language (lenguaje de signos)
• Telegraph (telégrafo)
• Landline (fijo)
• SMS messages

Phrasal Verbs and Time Expressions (Group 1)

• Somebody (alguien)
• Something (algo)
• Get down to (llegar a)
• Get on with (conseguir con / llevarse bien con)
• Get in (entrar)
• Get off (bajar)
• Get on (subir)
• Get to (llegar a)
• Take off (despegar)
• Take up (comenzar)

Time Expressions

• For (para)
• Since (desde)

Descriptive Adjectives

• Careless (descuidado)
• Well-known (bien conocido)
• Useful (útil)
• Quiet (silencioso)
• Common (común)
• Comfortable (cómodo)
• Correct (correcto)
• Fair (justo)
• Healthy (sano)
• Patient (paciente)

Media and News Vocabulary

• Advice on fashion (consejo en moda)
• Articles (artículos)
• Film reviews (crítica de una película)
• Cartoons
• Documentaries
• Game shows (programas de juegos)
• Gossip about (cotilleos)
• Headlines (titulares)
• Weather forecasts (pronóstico del tiempo)
• Quizzes
• Sport report
• Problem page
• Interviews (entrevistas)

Housing and Living Vocabulary

Common Phrase

How's it going? (¿Cómo va?)

Types of Houses

• Block of flats (viviendas en bloque)
• Bungalow
• Cottage (casa de campo)
• Detached house (chalet)
• Mobile home (caravana)
• Semi-detached house (medio chalet)
• Terraced house (casa adosada)

Phrasal Verbs and Expressions (Group 2)

• Hang around (pasar el rato)
• Care about (preocuparse por)
• Chill out (relajarse)
• Put something on (poner algo en)
• Carry something out (llevar algo a cabo)
• Turn up (aparecer/subir el volumen)
• I'd rather (yo más bien...)

Sports and Athletics Terminology

Individual Athletics

• Personal archive (registro personal)
• Discus
• Javelin
• Long jump
• Weightlifting (levantamiento de pesas)

Racing Sports

• Horse racing
• Marathon
• Rowing (remo)

Individual Combat Sports

• Boxing
• Fencing (esgrima)
• Wrestling (lucha)

Team Games

• Basketball
• Cricket
• Ice hockey
• Rugby
• Water polo

Adventure Sports (Advent)

• Paragliding (parapente)
• Scuba diving (buceo)
• Sky diving
• Surfing

Phrasal Verbs (Group 3)

• Give something out (repartir algo)
• Drop out of (abandonar)
• Give up (rendirse)
• Go ahead with (seguir adelante con)
• Get away with (escapar con/salir impune)
• Speak out against (hablar en contra de)

Quantifiers

• All (todos)
• Most (la mayoría)
• Some (algunos)
• Both (ambos)
• Neither (ninguno de dos)
• None (ninguno)

Reported Speech Verbs

Declarations

• Said
• Told
• Explained
• Pointed out (señalado)
• Answered
• Remarked (comentar)

Questions

• Asked
• Wanted to know who (preguntarse quién)
• Wonder (preguntarse)

Requests and Orders

• Beg (pedir/rogar)
• Tell
• Want (querer)
• Ordered

Other Reporting Verbs

• Accused
• Agree (acordar)