Key English Language Concepts & Practice

English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials

Vocabulary Practice

Vocabulary List 1

• cost
• volunteer
• get on with (phrasal verb)
• inappropriate
• take off (phrasal verb)
• hilly
• qualifications
• plot
• slim

Vocabulary List 2 (Incomplete)

This section contains incomplete words, with interpretations provided where possible:

• Exciting
• d___d
• haggling (original: hagging an)
• vulgar (original: bulgar)
• ________
• ____
• carrier bag (original: garrier ug)
• reminded

Vocabulary List 3

• request (verb/noun)
• update (verb/noun)
• block
• turn away (phrasal verb)
• privacy settings
• embarrassing
• criticize (or criticise)

Grammar Concepts

Relative Clauses: Examples 1

• She came from a lovely Spanish city called Seville, which is very cold.
• That is the town where KP was born.
• That is the man whose brother was on TV last week.

Relative Clauses: Examples 2

• She will never forget the day when she was born.
• Mr. Brown, who lives across the road, is 90 years old.
• The item which had been delayed, eventually arrived.

Correct Form of Verbs (Passive Voice Focus)

These examples often demonstrate correct passive voice constructions:

• has/have arrived (active) / has/have been received (passive)
• it was established
• is/are given
• have been enjoyed
• have been shown
• is believed
• has/have been given
• has been decided
• has been published

Passive Voice Transformations

• A new type of apple pie is being cooked by my mother. (Present Continuous Passive)
• It was known that he had divorced twice before getting married.
• A computer had been bought for Susan when I last saw them.

Sentence Rewrites & Transformations

• The husband had to provide a safe house.
• Interracial marriage cannot be prohibited by the states.
• A party was organized for us by our friends.
• I got the grass cleaned up.
• Marriage is said to be a contract.
• They could get married soon.
• You don't need to wear informal clothes at the event.
• She must have married twice.

Conditional Sentences

Zero Conditional: Universal Truths

Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple

First Conditional: Real or Possible Situations

Structure: If + Present Simple, Future Simple

Second Conditional: Hypothetical Situations

Structure: If + Past Simple, Would/Could/Might + Base Verb

Third Conditional: Hypothetical Past Situations

Structure: If + Past Perfect, Would/Could/Might + Have + Past Participle

Reported Speech

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

• Present Simple → Past Simple (lives → lived)
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous (is living → was living)
• Past Simple → Past Perfect (lived → had lived)
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous (was living → had been living)
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect (has lived → had lived)
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous (has been living → had been living)
• Past Perfect → Past Perfect (had lived → had lived)
• Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous (had been living → had been living)
• Future Simple → Conditional Simple (will live → would live)

Modal Verb Changes

• can → could
• may → might

Time and Place Adverb Changes

• now → then
• today → that day
• yesterday → the previous day
• here → there
• this → that
• these → those

Common Reporting Verbs

• For Affirmations: admit, announce, answer, state, explain
• For Questions: ask, inquire, request, wonder
• For Pleas/Requests: beg, ask, plead
• For Suggestions/Advice: advise, invite, suggest, recommend