Key Economic Thinkers and Political Movements
Classified in History
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Adam Smith: book-the wealthofnations. Free market/ free economy/ 3 natural laws. 1.The law of self interest. "why work? For me" 2. Law of competition. More businesses=more competition= beter product 3.Law of suply and demand. Free trade=no regulation (no government).
MALTHUS: population faster than food-people always be poor
RICARDO: once poor- always poor .
Karl Marx: marxism / more radical socialism. Human society= social classes: are permanent. GAP- brecha future: artisans disapear goverment=people
"everything is owned by people"
working- class: industrial capitalism- differences between the economic and social conditions increased.(bourgeoisie upper to proletariat)
working-class political movements:
1.1811 luddites: manifestation of organised working -class protest. Hostile to new technology because they thought that machines took jobs from workers.
2. 1830 trade unions: association of workers in particular types of work. Demanded improvedworking conditions and better wages , supported their members in cases of accident or illness.
3.1838 chartist movements: demanded political changes(universal manhood suffrage). Petitioned parliament topass laws which would improve worker's conditions.
marxism: socialism developed by Karl Marx and friedich engels.
class struggle - oppressed proletariat would organise itself and fight its capitalist oppressor.
dictatorship of the proletariat: proletariat would seize the political power, worker's would control the economy and redistribute wealth equally among all the society.
communism: old class-based society there would be new communist society.
anarchism: mikhail bakunin, dictatorship of the proletariat and poposed an ideal society.
individual freedom: people had to fight against any authority or institution
communes: society would be reorganised into small independent groups called communes
direct action: people had to defend their interests throught their own actions.
congres of vienna: 1814-1815
restoration of absolte monarchy
changes to europe's borders
2 alliances:
-the holy alliance: russia, austria, prussia
-the quadruple alliance: + great britain