Key Concepts in Thermodynamics and States of Matter
Classified in Chemistry
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Kinetic Energy and the Nature of Matter
- Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
- Kinetic Theory: States that all matter is composed of tiny particles in constant motion.
Pressure and Its Measurement
- Gas Pressure: Results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object.
- Vacuum: An empty space devoid of particles and pressure.
- Atmospheric Pressure: Arises from the collisions of atoms and molecules in the air with objects.
- Barometer: A device used to measure atmospheric pressure.
- Pascal (Pa): The SI unit of pressure.
- Standard Atmosphere (atm): The pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury in a mercury barometer at 25ºC.
Phase Transitions and States of Matter
- Vaporization: The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor.
- Evaporation: Occurs when this conversion happens at the surface of a non-boiling liquid.
- Vapor Pressure: A measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid.
- Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure.
- Normal Boiling Point: The boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa.
- Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid transitions into a liquid.
- Freezing Point: The temperature at which a liquid transitions into a solid.
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
- Crystal: A solid with particles arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern known as a crystal lattice.
- Unit Cell: The smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains its geometric shape.
- Allotropes: Two or more distinct molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state.
- Amorphous Solid: A solid lacking an ordered internal structure.
- Glass: A transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing.
Sublimation and Phase Diagrams
- Sublimation: The direct transition of a substance from a solid to a vapor, bypassing the liquid state.
- Phase Diagram: A graph illustrating the temperature and pressure conditions under which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
- Triple Point: The unique set of conditions where all three phases can coexist in equilibrium.