Key Concepts: Labor Movements & Industrial Revolution
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Key Concepts: Labor Movements & Industrial Revolution
Labour Movement
The labour movement emerged to improve the harsh living and working conditions of the proletariat during industrialisation. Factors hindering worker organisation and resistance to capitalist abuses included extreme labour exploitation, poor living conditions, and a lack of political recognition in regimes controlled by the upper classes through limited suffrage and authoritarian governments.
Luddite Movement
A workers' association that encouraged the destruction of machines to prevent them from replacing human labour. Members organised themselves into secret groups to carry out their actions.
Mutual Aid Associations
Workers' associations created to improve working conditions in factories. They offered help to the unemployed, the sick, and widows.
Anarchism
A political philosophy developed by Bakunin, advocating for a society without political, economic, or religious authority, organised into communes managed by the workers themselves. Anarchism supported an ideal similar to that of a communist society but opposed parliamentary and political actions, favouring direct actions through strikes, demonstrations, and acts of sabotage.
First International
An association aiming to combine the forces of all workers to fight for emancipation. Marx and Bakunin were leaders, but they clashed over their differing stances on the proletariat's involvement in politics. These differences led to the dissolution of the First International.
Nation
Following the liberal revolutions, this term described human communities with shared cultural traits, seeking sovereignty through the establishment of a nation-state.
Zollverein (Customs Union)
A commercial union, including a single railway network throughout the German territory, promoted economic development and encouraged the middle class to fight for unification.
Second Industrial Revolution
Significant progress in technology and science at the end of the 19th century that improved industrial manufacturing methods.
Cartels
Groups of independent companies that make agreements to control prices, production, and markets.
Trusts
Groups of companies in the same economic sector.
Holding Companies
Finance companies formed of several companies that perform different activities.