Key Concepts in Grammar, Spelling, and Linguistics
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Key Linguistic and Grammatical Definitions
History
The science that explains facts about the human past.
Narrative Order
Linear Order: A narrative approach that follows a chronological sequence, often including an introduction, climax, and resolution.
Non-linear Order: A narrative approach that deviates from chronological order, using techniques like retrospection (flashbacks) and anticipation (flash-forwards).
Bilingual Dictionary
A dictionary that translates words and phrases from one language to another.
Study
Intellectual work aimed at learning the concepts and ideas presented in a lecture or teaching unit.
Understanding Interjections
Interjections are invariable words or phrases, characteristic of oral language and colloquial registers, that express the speaker's attitude and feelings or help establish communication with the listener.
Types of Interjections
Primary Interjections: These are simple, dedicated forms with imprecise meanings (e.g., oh, ah, ouch, hey, phew).
Secondary Interjections: These are nouns, verbs, adverbs, or phrases used as interjections (e.g., well, great, good grief, oh my).
Functional Classes of Interjections
| Class | Description & Examples |
|---|---|
| Expressive Interjections | Express the speaker's positive or negative feelings. Primary Examples: Oh!, ah!, ouch!, phew! Secondary Examples: My god!, No way!, You don't say! |
| Conative Interjections | Used to get the listener's attention or incite action. Primary Examples: Hey!, psst!, shh! Secondary Examples: Listen!, Excuse me!, Careful!, Alert! |
| Phatic Interjections | Social formulas for establishing contact between speaker and listener. Primary Examples: Hey, hello, yo, right?, eh? Secondary Examples: Good day, goodbye, see you later, thanks, sorry. |
The Power of Onomatopoeia
| Class | Description & Examples |
|---|---|
| Primary Onomatopoeia | Imitate natural sounds. Examples: woof (dog), meow (cat), tweet (bird), achoo (sneeze), vroom (engine). |
| Secondary Onomatopoeia | Evoke noises associated with movements. Examples: swoosh (fast motion), thud (fall), buzz (continuous hum), zzz (mosquito). |
Spanish Spelling Rules: B vs. V
- Rule 1: Use 'b' before the consonants 'l' or 'r' (e.g., blanco, brazo, mueble).
- Rule 2: Use 'b' in words that alternate with 'p' in their word family (e.g., Spanish: saber -> supo).
- Rule 3: Use 'b' after the consonant 'm' (e.g., ambiente, ambos, ambición).
- Rule 4: Use 'v' in the imperfect tense endings of first-conjugation verbs (e.g., caminaba, cantabas, estaba).
- Rule 5: Use 'v' in words that alternate with 'u' in their word family (e.g., Spanish: nuevo -> novedad).
- Rule 6: Use 'v' after the consonant 'n' (e.g., cambio, invitar, enviar).
Spanish Verb Conjugation: Subjunctive Tense
Present Perfect Subjunctive: 'Cantar' (to sing)
- (yo) haya cantado - I have sung
- (tú) hayas cantado - you have sung
- (él/ella/usted) haya cantado - he/she/you have sung
- (nosotros/as) hayamos cantado - we have sung
- (vosotros/as) hayáis cantado - you (all) have sung
- (ellos/ellas/ustedes) hayan cantado - they/you (all) have sung