Key Concepts for English Language Learners
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English Language Essentials
Key Vocabulary for Global Issues
- War (guerra)
- Peace (paz)
- Terrorism (terrorismo)
- Immigration (inmigración)
- Famine (hambruna)
- Malnutrition (malnutrición)
- Poverty (pobreza)
- Racism (racismo)
- Pollution (contaminación)
- The environment (el medio ambiente)
- Disease (enfermedad)
- Illiteracy (analfabetismo)
Mastering the Verb 'Get'
- Get fatter: become
- Get home: arrive
- Get presents: receive
- Get a medal: obtain
- Get a sandwich: buy
- Get someone a glass of water: bring
Useful Expressions for English Dialogue
- So do I/Neither do I (Yo también/yo tampoco)
- I suppose so (Supongo que sí)
- Do you think so? (Usted cree?)
- I agree/I don't agree (Estoy de acuerdo/No estoy de acuerdo)
- I'm not sure. Maybe you're right. (No estoy seguro, quizás tengas razón).
Core English Grammar Concepts
Present Perfect Tense Explained
Used for past experiences without mentioning a specific time. Structure: Sujeto + have/has + participio.
- Just: for very recent actions.
- Since: indicates the starting point of an action.
- For: indicates the duration of an action.
- Never: for actions that have not been done.
- Ever: for actions done in the past (often in questions).
Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
- Past Simple: for short actions (often with 'when').
- Past Continuous: for longer actions (often with 'while').
Present Perfect vs. Past Simple Comparison
- Present Perfect: for unfinished actions (with 'for', 'since', 'ever').
- Past Simple: for actions that are already finished (with 'ago', 'last week/month').
Expressing Future Actions in English
Will and Might for Future Possibilities
- Will: indicates certainty that something will happen. Sujeto + will/won't + infinitivo.
- Might: indicates possibility, but not certainty. Sujeto + might/might not + infinitivo.
Using 'Be Going To' for Plans
Used for plans or actions that are going to happen. Sujeto + am/is/are + going to + infinitivo.
Adverbs of Certainty: Definitely, Probably
Placement of 'Definitely' and 'Probably'
- Sujeto + to be (is, are) + definitely/probably.
- Sujeto + will/won't/can + definitely/probably.
- Sujeto + definitely/probably + won't/wouldn't/can't.
Using 'Perhaps' and 'Maybe'
- Perhaps/Maybe + sujeto + ...
Understanding English Quantifiers
Using 'Some' Correctly
Used with countable and uncountable nouns, in affirmative sentences (+), and with plural nouns. (algo, algunos, unos, unas, algunas)
When to Use 'Any'
Used with countable and uncountable nouns, in negative sentences (-), and in questions (?), with plural nouns.
The Articles 'A' and 'An'
Used with countable nouns, in affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences (+/-/?), and with singular nouns. (un, una)
Distinguishing 'Much' and 'Many'
- Much: Used with uncountable nouns, in negative sentences (-), and in questions (?). (mucho)
- Many: Used with countable nouns, in negative sentences (-), and in questions (?). (muchos/as)
Versatile 'A Lot Of'
Used with countable and uncountable nouns, in affirmative sentences (+), and with both plural and singular nouns.