Key Concepts: Demographics, Human Anatomy, and Physiology

Medical and Demographic Notes: Part 1

Social Sciences Definitions

Demographics

Population sciences studying their geographical distribution.

Statistics

Science where knowledge of a phenomenon is based on measurement results.

Economy

Studies the ways in which individuals and society use obtained resources and services.

Psychology

Science that studies psychic functions in normal and abnormal aspects.

Digestive System Facts

Digestion

The splitting of complex food materials.

Pylorus Statement (Evaluation)

FALSE: The pylorus is the passage that allows food from the esophagus to the stomach.

Small Intestine Components (Evaluation)

FALSE: The duodenum, jejunum, and appendix are located in the small intestine. (Note: Duodenum and jejunum are parts of the small intestine; the appendix is typically considered part of the large intestine, attached to the cecum.)

Liver Statement (Evaluation)

Liver: It is the largest viscera in the human body. FALSE (Note: This statement is factually true; the "FALSE" is from the original text.)

Pancreas Functions (Evaluation)

Pancreas: It has 3 functions. FALSE

Pancreatic Exocrine Function Claim

Its exocrine functions include producing glucagon and insulin. (Note: Glucagon and insulin are endocrine hormones produced by the pancreas.)

Reproductive Health Metrics

Total Fertility Rate

Number of live births in 1 year per 1,000 women aged 15-49.

Fertility by Age

Number of births by women of a given age among all women of that age.

Birth Rate (Crude Rate)

Number of live births in 1 year per 1,000 total population.

Early Neonatal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of infants aged 0-7 days per 1,000 total live births.

Neonatal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of infants under 1 month per 1,000 live births.

Anatomy and Physiology Notes: Part 2

Respiratory System

Trachea (Upper/Lower Tract)

Trachea: Part of the upper respiratory tract. (FALSE) (Note: The trachea is part of the lower respiratory tract.)

Pharyngotonsillitis Cause

The most frequent causative agent of pharyngotonsillitis is Streptococcus alpha-hemolytic group A. (Note: Typically Group A Streptococcus is beta-hemolytic.)

Urinary System

Urethra and Paired Organs

Urethra: Urinary organs are paired, except the urethra.

Nephron

Is the functional unit of the kidney.

Renal Structure (General)

A solid radial portion consists of tubules distributed in two zones.

Renal Medulla

Composed of pyramids formed by collecting and secretory tubules, leading to the renal pelvis.

Renal Pelvis

It gives rise to major and minor calyces. (Note: Calyces merge to form the renal pelvis.)

Ureters

Measure approximately 25 cm long.

Renal Cortex

Contains secretory tubules and other nephron components (e.g., glomeruli).

Urethra (Detailed)

A fibromuscular conduit leading from the bladder out of the organism.

• Length (Female): 2.5 to 4 cm
• Length (Male): 15 to 20 cm, divided into 3 parts (prostatic, membranous, spongy).

Nervous System

Functions of the Cerebellum

Controls posture, equilibrium, precision movements, muscle tone, and coordination; may contribute to stereoscopic vision.

Functions of the Medulla Oblongata (Bulb)

Controls breathing, cardiovascular function (by increasing or decreasing heart rate), swallowing, nausea, and vomiting. Contains active pyramidal tracts.

Brain Lobes and Functions

• Left Frontal Lobe: Associated with language circumvolution/gyrus and ascending lobules/pathways.
• Temporal Lobe (Left): Auditory functions, smell, auditory memory, and word comprehension.
• Occipital Lobe: Visual functions.

Divisions of the Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS) (also termed Spinal or Somatic in this context): Regulates conscious life and interaction with the external environment.
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (Vegetative): Regulates viscera, blood vessels, and smooth muscles, influencing general cellular activity.

Repeated Kidney Structures (Summary)

• Renal Structure: A solid radial portion consists of tubules divided into two zones.
• Nephron: Functional unit of the kidneys.
• Medulla (Renal): Composed of pyramids with secreting and collecting tubules.

Vital Signs

Arterial pressure, pulse, temperature, respiratory rate.

Neurology and Endocrinology Notes: Part 3

Cranial Nerves

Vagus Nerve (Pneumogastric)

Cranial nerve that is the longest and most extensive of all.

Trochlear Nerve

It is a motor nerve.

Spinal Nerves

Cervical Spinal Nerves

There are 8 pairs.

Reproductive Endocrinology

Menstruation Cause (Evaluation)

TRUE: Menstruation occurs due to progesterone (and estrogen) hormonal deprivation.

Progesterone Function

Hormone responsible for sustaining pregnancy in its early stages.