Key Computer Components: Hardware, Software, and Definitions

Fundamental Computer Terminology

Computer Science (Informatics)

A set of scientific knowledge and techniques that enable the automatic processing of information using computers.

Software

The logical component of a computer system; it consists of programs, data, and instructions necessary to enable the realization of specific tasks. It is intangible, unlike hardware.

Hardware

Refers to all the physical, tangible parts of a computer system.

Case (or Chassis)

The framework that contains and protects all the internal components that operate the computer.

Peripherals

Auxiliary devices connected to and dependent on the CPU, used for input, output, or storage (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer).

Port

A generic term used to denominate an interface through which different types of data can be sent and received between the computer and external devices.

Storage Devices

Devices designed to store and retain digital information. Note: Some modern storage devices, like solid-state drives, are low power, small size, portable, and have no moving parts.

Hard Drive (HDD)

A non-volatile storage device that retains information even without power, utilizing a digital magnetic recording system. It consists of discs or platters mounted on a spindle that spins at high speed. Information is stored on both sides of each platter. Each face has a read/write head. The file system creates markings on the magnetic surface of the platters that serve as references for locating information.

Motherboard

The main circuit board that supports and connects all other parts of the computer. It features a series of integrated circuits, including the chipset, which acts as a central hub connecting the processor, RAM, ROM, expansion buses, and other devices.

Buses and Expansion Slots

Buses are the channels through which information circulates to and from the microprocessor. Expansion Slots are physical connectors on the motherboard used to add functionality (e.g., graphics cards, network cards).

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

A special type of firmware (often stored in ROM) that contains the necessary routines for the computer to start correctly and manage basic input and output operations.

CPU Socket

A piece of plastic or other insulating material that functions as an intermediary between the motherboard and the microprocessor. Its upper surface contains small holes or contacts where the microprocessor fits.

Chipset

A set of integrated circuits mounted on the motherboard that manages the interface and communication between the CPU and other components.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

The primary volatile memory where the processor temporarily receives instructions and stores results while the computer is running.

Cache Memory

Ultra-fast memory used by the microprocessor to keep frequently accessed data readily available, thereby reducing the need to access slower RAM and significantly improving processing speed.

Operating System (OS)

A system software, meaning a set of computer programs designed to perform many tasks, including the management of peripheral devices.

Basic OS Functions:

• To manage computer resources efficiently and run services for processes.
• To allow developmental changes in the OS itself without interfering with services already provided.