Italian Renaissance Art and Architecture

Italian Renaissance Painting

Space-Time Context

Between the 15th and 16th centuries.

Historical Context

Renaissance painting, bridging medieval and baroque art, reflects the revival of classical antiquity, the impact of humanism, new artistic techniques and sensibilities, and the transition from the medieval to the early modern age.

Key Periods

The Italian Renaissance is divided into two periods:

• The 15th century (Quattrocento): Florence is the cradle of Renaissance painting.
• The 16th century (Cinquecento/High Renaissance): Rome experiences the greatest artistic splendor.

General Characteristics

Renaissance painting sees the decline of the altarpiece, an emphasis on seniority and classical evocation, mastery of perspective, and the continuation of fresco mural painting from the Gothic period. By mid-15th century, tempera (using egg or glue) is largely replaced by oil painting (influenced by Flemish techniques). Easel painting continues to use wood panels and tempera. The harmonious representation of the human form (nude or clothed, at rest or in motion) is perfected, along with the idealized beauty of the nude. Religious and mythological themes remain important, alongside secular subjects. Architectural settings and landscapes gain prominence. The Quattrocento focuses on the human figure, space, and light, with landscapes increasing in importance due to Flemish influence. Key schools and artists include: the Florentine School (Fra Angelico, Masaccio, Fra Filippo Lippi, Paolo Uccello, Botticelli, Verrocchio), the Umbrian School (Perugino), the Paduan School (Mantegna), and the Venetian School (Bellini brothers).

The Cinquecento, centered in Rome, is characterized by simplified compositions, elimination of secondary scenes, and formal perfection. Three major artists dominate this period: Leonardo da Vinci (known for sfumato and his enigmatic smile), Raphael (celebrated for beauty and formal perfection), and Michelangelo (whose painting expresses a sculptural relief).

Renaissance Architecture in Florence and Rome

Space-Time Context

Between the 15th century (Quattrocento) and the 16th century (Cinquecento).

General Characteristics

The Italian Renaissance in architecture also has two main phases. The Quattrocento originates in Florence. Florentine architects, inspired by Greco-Roman models, initiate a new style. The Medici family are major patrons of the arts. Architecture follows classical orders (especially Corinthian), with rich decoration, smooth columns or pillars, balusters, pilasters, arches, Latin cross and basilica plans, barrel vaults, and coffered wooden ceilings. The dome becomes a prominent feature. Key architects include Brunelleschi (Hospital of the Innocents) and Alberti (Palazzo Rucellai).

The Cinquecento (High Renaissance), centered in Rome, emphasizes mass and monumentality, moving away from the rich ornamentation of the previous century. The Popes become major patrons. Key figures include Bramante (Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio), Michelangelo (St. Peter's Basilica), and Vignola (Church of the Gesù).