ISP Tiers Explained: Global Internet Backbone & Customer Connection

Understanding Internet Service Provider Tiers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operate within a hierarchical structure, ensuring global connectivity. This hierarchy is typically categorized into three main tiers, each playing a distinct role in the internet's infrastructure.

Tier 1 ISPs: The Global Internet Backbone

Tier 1 ISPs are at the apex of the internet hierarchy. These large organizations connect directly with each other through private, peering connections, physically uniting their individual network backbones to create the global Internet backbone. Within their own extensive networks, Tier 1 ISPs own the routers, data links, and other high-speed equipment that bind to other Tier 1 ISP networks. This infrastructure includes vital components like undersea cables that connect continents, making them the foundational providers of global internet access.

Tier 2 ISPs: Regional and National Connectivity

Tier 2 ISPs represent the next level in terms of access to the backbone. While they can also be very large, often extending across several countries, few have networks that cover entire continents or span across them. To provide customers with global internet access, many Tier 2 ISPs pay Tier 1 ISPs for carrying their traffic to distant networks. However, some global Tier 2 ISPs exchange traffic with other ISPs at lower costs through public peering connections at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). A large IXP can comprise hundreds of ISPs in a central physical location, allowing them to access multiple networks through connection sharing, optimizing traffic flow and reducing costs.

Tier 3 ISPs: Local Internet Access Providers

Tier 3 ISPs are the furthest from the internet backbone, serving as the primary point of contact for end-users. Typically located in major cities, Tier 3 ISPs provide customers with local internet access. These providers pay Tier 1 and Tier 2 ISPs for global internet access and services, effectively acting as resellers of internet connectivity to homes and businesses within their service areas.

Internet Service Provisioning Process

Establishing a new internet connection involves a structured process, from initial order to final activation. This ensures that services are delivered efficiently and correctly to the customer.

Steps to Customer Connection Activation

• Customer Service: Order Intake

  The Customer Service team receives the order and ensures that all specified requirements are accurately entered into the order tracking database. This initial step is crucial for setting up the correct service parameters.

• Planning and Provisioning: Network Assessment

  During Planning and Provisioning, the team determines whether existing network hardware and circuits can be utilized for the new customer, or if new circuits and equipment need to be installed. This phase involves detailed technical assessment and resource allocation.

• On-Site Facility Installation

  On-site facility installation is then considered, taking into account the specific circuits and equipment that will be used. Technicians proceed with the physical installation at the client's site, ensuring all hardware is correctly set up and connected.

• Network Operations Center (NOC) Monitoring

  The Network Operations Center (NOC) plays a critical role by monitoring, testing, and ensuring that the new connection functions correctly. The NOC performs rigorous checks to verify network stability and performance before activation.

• Support: Customer Onboarding

  Finally, the NOC notifies the Support team when the circuit is ready for operation. Support then contacts the customer to guide them through the process of setting up passwords and other necessary account information, ensuring a smooth and successful onboarding experience.