International Relations Theories: Realism, Globalism

Key Theories in International Relations

Theories: The discipline of international relations began shortly before World War I in Western Europe and the U.S. There are two primary ways to conceptualize the war: diplomacy, favored by those seeking peace, and force, the basis of foreign policy at the time. This period saw a clash between idealism and realism. All the great powers were involved, and the increased presence of the media amplified public opinion.

Politically, an idealistic proposition known as the League of Nations emerged. This organization proposed a global alliance of countries to prevent future wars.

Current Theoretical Perspectives

• Realism (State-Centric) - Thomas Hobbes: A key figure in establishing the concept of order. Hobbes's focus was not on the source of commands but on their enforcement. He employed mathematical theory and state theory, advocating for state order as a counter to anarchy.
• Universalism (Individual-Centric) - Immanuel Kant: In contrast to Hobbes, Kant emphasized the role of rights in power relations, aiming to control power. He is a foundational theorist of "The Rule of Law." His work, "Perpetual Peace," proposed an international federation of countries to resolve differences through international treaties, with all parties agreeing to an international tribunal. Kant's core argument was that "cooperation is the intelligent path to success."
• Internationalism (State-Centric) - Hugo Grotius: Internationalists believe the world is interconnected. They share common ground with realists but place greater emphasis on universalist cooperation, channeling the interests of powers towards trade.

In summary: Realism prioritizes security, Kantianism emphasizes law, and Grotianism focuses on economy and trade.

• Realism: States are the primary actors in international relations. Relationships, wars, and treaties occur between states. Security is the central theme. Realists view the international system as anarchic, lacking a central organizing power.
• Globalism: Globalists share with realists the focus on the state as the primary subject, but they emphasize the importance of economic relations. They introduce the key concept of "interdependence." Keohane and Nye, prominent proponents of this view, argue that states are economically dependent on each other. International organizations are considered crucial in this perspective.