International relation

·Illiberal democracy - is a governing system in which, although Elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities Of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties.

·Political economic system – relationship between economic and political institutions and The policies and outcomes they create

·Institutions – humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social Interaction; rules of the game, formal or informal, legal or not, backed by Orgs or not

·Welfare State - a system whereby the Government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, Especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and Other benefits.

·Colonialism/imperialism - a System in which a state extends its power beyond its borders to control other Territories and people

·Export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) -  is a trade and economic policy aiming To speed up theindustrialization process of a country byexporting goods for which the nation has a Comparative advantage. Creating an international market.

·Import substitution Industrialization(ISI) -  is a trade and economic Policy which advocates replacing foreignimports with domestic production. ISI is Based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign Dependency through the local production of industrialized products. Creating a home market.

·Comparative advantage - the ability of an Individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making A specific product) more efficiently than another activity.

·Globalization - is the process in which people, Ideas and goods spread throughout the world, creating more interaction and Integration between the world's cultures, governments and economies

·Foreign Aid - The international Transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or international Organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population

Competing ideologies

oCapitalism/liberalism

§Ownership Of means of production, distribution, and exchange (and the returns from this Activity) made and maintained by private persons/companies. Free Market. Freedom.  Advanced economies are based in capitalism, free trade.

oCommunism (socialism)

§Ownership Of means of production by “public”/state. Central planning. Equality

oSocial Democracy

§Draws From liberalism (free market) & communism (equality)

§Seeks Equality

·Through Taxes & redistribution of wealth

·Through Monitored trade & protection of workers

·Through Regulation & government ownership

·Development In Low Developing Countries:

oA role for government

oBuilding & maintaining political and Economic institutions

oFight corruption

oIncorporate informal economy – street Vendors

oInternational aid

oSpecial economic zones – more economically Liberal than the rest of the country, laboratory for reforms, 1^st in Ireland

Michael McFaul

A semi-autocratic regime. All autocratic regimes are Vulnerable to collapse at some point. But which kinds of autocracies are more Vulnerable than others? Some observers posit that semi-autocratic or “competitive authoritarian” regimes are more open to democratization than Full-blown dictatorships, while others argue that semi-autocracies or partial Democracies can actually do more to block genuine democratization by deflecting Societal pressures for change.

An unpopular incumbent. (unpopular president) A second Necessary condition for democratic breakthrough in all of these countries was The falling popularity of the incumbent leader.

A united opposition. A united opposition—or at least The perception of one—is a third factor that appears crucial for democratic Breakthrough, although the extent of unity varies widely enough across the Cases that one may question its necessity as a factor. In Serbia and Ukraine, Unity before the election was critical to success

Independent electoral-monitoring capabilities. A Fourth condition critical to democratic breakthrough in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine was the ability of NGOs to provide an accurate and independent tally of The actual vote quickly after polls had closed.

A modicum of independent media. A fifth critical Element in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine was the presence of independent media Able to relay news about the falsified vote and to publicize mounting popular Protests. For years, such media outlets and brave individual journalists had been Reporting the misdeeds of semi-autocratic incumbents. At the moment of Breakthrough, autonomous media remained vital in triggering change despite the Incumbents’ last-ditch efforts to hang on to power

Mobilizing the masses. A sixth critical factor for Democratic breakthrough in Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine was the opposition’s Capacity to mobilize significant numbers of protestors to challenge the Falsified electoral results.

Splits among the “guys with guns.” A seventh and final Necessary condition for success is a split among the “guys with guns,” meaning The state’s military, police, and security forces. A segment of these must Distance itself far enough from the incumbents to show that the option of Violent repression is risky if not untenable. In all three cases such a split Developed, though its size as well as the threat of violence varied from case To case.