Industrialization and its Impact: A Global Perspective
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Industrialization: Definitions and Global Distribution
Types of Industries
Consumer Goods Industry
Examples: Bread, clothing
Heavy Industry
Example: Fire (representing energy production)
Capital Goods Industry
Example: Cars
Industrial Areas
Silicon Valley
A nickname for the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area, known for its concentration of computer companies.
Science Parks vs. Industrial Estates
Science Parks: Focus on high technology and promote research through collaboration between universities, businesses, and government.
Industrial Estates: Gather traditional industries in a physical location.
Major Industrial Areas
| Region | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| USA, Japan, EU | Extensive, technologically advanced industrial areas. Benefit from high local spending power. Headquarters of large companies, but manufacturing often relocated to emerging countries. |
| BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) | Growing industrialization due to:
|
| Poorest Countries (Sub-Saharan Africa) | Lack of industrialization due to:
|
Types of Industries by Development Level
Developed Countries: Focus on innovative industries, advanced services, infrastructure, and a qualified labor force, catering to high-purchasing-power consumers.
Developing Countries: Often rely on traditional industries, utilizing an abundant but less qualified labor force, special economic zones (e.g., duty-free zones), and sometimes more permissive environmental regulations.
Environmental Challenges of Industrialization
Forestry
Uncontrolled exploitation of forests has led to deforestation. Since 1950, nearly one-third of Earth's forest areas have been lost, with tropical forests reduced by half. The UN has established international agreements to protect forests.
Fisheries
Fisheries face three main problems: overfishing, pollution, and access to fishing grounds.
- Overfishing: Leads to the depletion of marine resources.
- Pollution: Causes damage to marine ecosystems.
- Access to Fishing Grounds: Disputes over fishing rights in international waters.
Fishing policies aim to address these problems through measures such as prohibiting harmful fishing practices, establishing fishing quotas, implementing anti-pollution measures, and promoting aquaculture (fish farming).