Industrial Transformations and Social Ideologies

Industrial Revolutions: First and Second

Similarities Between Revolutions

• Both were part of a transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one.
• Manual labor was replaced by factories, machines, and a new class of industrial workers.
• Both utilized fossil fuels (*e.g., coal*, *oil*).
• Both contributed to increased production and global trade through improved transport.
• Both fostered the development of new types of economic investment.

First Industrial Revolution (1750-1840)

Period and Countries

It started in England in the early 1750s and spread to Belgium and Germany between 1780 and 1840.

Sources of Energy

Fossil fuels, primarily coal.

Type of Energy

Mechanical energy produced by steam engines.

Transport Advances

• Rail transport (from 1830)
• Maritime transport (from 1869)
• Agricultural machinery (*e.g., steam tractor*)

Key Industries Developed

Textile, iron, and steel industries.

Sources of Investment

The wealthy middle class played a fundamental role.

Labor Organization

Rural exodus provided the necessary workforce for factories.

Significant Working-Class Movements

Luddism Movement

Luddites used violent methods to destroy machines, aiming to prevent them from replacing human workers.

Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)

Period and Countries

Between 1870 and 1914, primarily in Germany, the United States, and Japan.

Sources of Energy

Oil, though it did not completely replace coal.

Type of Energy

Electricity, which benefited industrial areas where coal was not readily available.

Transport Advances

• Railways connected more and more territories (*e.g., in the USA*).
• Maritime transport: steel-hulled boats.
• Petrol-powered automobiles (*e.g., Benz*).

Key Industries Developed

Iron and steel saw spectacular growth, and the chemical industry specialized in synthetic products.

Economic Investment and Capitalism

Banks were opened to store savers' money and provide loans to industrial and railway companies, fostering *capitalism*.

Labor Organization and Management

Taylorism Principles

Each worker was assigned a single, specialized task in the manufacturing process.

Emergence of Socialist Movements

Various forms of socialism emerged, including *Utopian Socialism*, *Marxism*, and *Anarchism*.

Key 19th Century Social Movements

Anarchism

Founder of Anarchism

Mikhail Bakunin.

Background and Influences

Utopian Socialism.

Period of Emergence

Second half of the 19th century.

Core Ideology

Opposition to parliamentary political action, advocating for a peasantry-led struggle based on direct action.

Key Activities

Participation in the First and Second Internationals, and the creation of workers' and peasants' political parties and trade unions.

Primary Objective

The creation of a society with no political, economic, or religious authority.

Marxism

Founders of Marxism

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Background and Influences

Utopian Socialism.

Period of Emergence

Second half of the 19th century.

Core Ideology

Historical materialism, the class struggle, proletarian revolution, and an egalitarian society.

Key Activities

Participation in the First and Second Internationals, and the creation of workers' political parties and trade unions.

Primary Objective

The triumph of the working classes and the creation of a communist society.

Shared Ideas: Anarchism and Marxism

• Objective: The goal of an egalitarian society.
• Central Role: The central role of the working classes.
• Stance: Their anti-capitalist and anti-bourgeois stance.