The Industrial Revolution: Causes, Impact, and Social Changes

Technological Progress: The invention of new machines enabled factories to produce goods more quickly and cheaply. Decreased prices benefited consumers. The invention of the steam engine was particularly important, revolutionizing many sectors of the economy.

Favorable Political and Social Structure: Great Britain's parliamentary monarchy allowed the bourgeoisie to participate in government and political decision-making. This social group promoted measures that advanced its economic interests.

Textile Industry: Technological innovations in spinning and weaving machines increased production.

Iron and Steel Production: New machines led to better quality and lower prices.

Transport: The steam engine revolutionized communications through its application in ships and trains. Steamships and railways made it possible to transport goods more quickly.

Spread to Other Countries

During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution spread to other countries, including Germany, France, and Belgium. These countries had:

• Reserves of iron and coal.
• A growing population that demanded goods.
• Rail networks.

Economic Liberalism: Freedom of production and free trade are essential for economic growth and development.

Industrial Capitalism: This system puts the ideas of economic liberalism into practice. Trade had been the most important source of profit.

Social Changes

Class-Based Society: The Industrial Revolution increased the importance of the wealthy bourgeoisie, and a new social group appeared: the working class. This group was composed of industrial workers. Society was divided into upper, middle, and working classes. Social class was determined by profession and wealth, and society was relatively open. Citizens were equal under the law.

Life in the Industrial City: People migrated from towns to work in factories, leading to urban development. Urban infrastructure was modernized, and many buildings were constructed. Urban expansion occurred as cities grew in size, old city walls were demolished, and new residential areas were built.

Industrial Working Conditions

Machinery was often unprotected, and workers labored 14-16 hours a day. Employers could dismiss workers easily, and workers did not have the right to protest. There was no social insurance. Harsh working conditions led to protests against factory owners, but governments did not support workers' rights. The Luddites emerged, believing that machines took jobs from workers. Trade unions were associations of workers, and the Chartist movement demanded political changes.