Industrial Products, Energy Sources, and State Structures

ITEM 5

Raw materials are necessary to make industrial products and are divided into three sources: Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral.

Sources of Energy

Energy is obtained from natural resources through a transformation process. Sources are categorized as renewable and nonrenewable, as well as traditional and alternative.

Industries worldwide are mainly located in the USA, Europe, and Japan.

Business Structures

• Cartel: An association among several companies, typically in the same industry.
• Trust: A group of companies formed to control a particular industry or market.
• Holding Company: A group that owns most of the shares of a group of companies and banks.
• SL (Sociedad Limitada): A company with one or more owners.
• SA (Sociedad Anónima): A company whose property is divided into shares.

Industries in Spain are located in the Basque Country, Madrid, and Buenos Aires.

Classification of Services

Services encompass a wide range of activities that people purchase, including health, education, tourism, transport, communications, leisure, culture, and sports.

Means of Transport

Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. It facilitates daily travel to distant locations and the distribution of goods and services.

Tourism

Tourism generates the creation and expansion of businesses and services.

• Positive Factors: High incomes, job creation.
• Negative Factors: Contributes to rising prices, increases land speculation, enriches large companies, and many created jobs are low-skilled.

ITEM 7

Definition and Elements of State

The state is the set of institutions created to organize the life and activity of people.

• Liberal State: A state that aims not to interfere in the economy or social relationships.
• Social State: A state that needs to intervene to defend certain economic and social interests.
• Republican State: Can be presented in different ways, including monarchies, republics, social states, or liberal states.
• Centralist State: Decisions are made centrally and affect all regions or territories.
• Decentralist State: Power is shared with the various territories that comprise the state.
• Absolute Monarchy: A form of government where the monarch holds all power and makes all decisions.
• Dictatorship: A regime where a person, with the support of a political party, ethical group, or the army, holds absolute governmental power.
• NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): Private entities independent of governments and, in principle, independent of state political parties.

Population Dynamics

• Birth Rate: The number of children born in a given period per 1,000 people.
• Mortality Rate: The number of deaths in a given period per 1,000 people.
• Migrations: Movements of population. Migrants are people who leave their country.

Positive factors for tourism in a country: High incomes, creation of many jobs.

Negative factors for tourism in a country: Contributes to rising prices, increasing land speculation, enriches large companies, and many created jobs are low-skilled.