Incas, Aztecs, Mayans, and Spanish Conquest in America

Incas: Callasuyo in Chile

• Centralized in Cuzco
• Part of a new humanity, descendants of the sun
• The Incas preferred peaceful methods

Government

• Established indirect rule
• Built the Inca Trail, which had agricultural centers, dairy settlements, and pucaras
• Quechua was imposed as a free language

Administration

• Complex system: QUIPU
• Political religion: consulting oracles, sacrifices, public confessions
• Gold = sun symbol
• Mitimaes: Inca settlers tamed customs and traditions of conquered peoples
• Cultivated in terraces, ridges (Waru Waru)
• MITA: System to favor the empire. Labor by shifts. Adult men between 18 and 50 were forced to work
• MINKA: Common labor, free

End of Empire

1543 - Zhuascar and Atahualpa

Aztecs: Texcoco

The highly segmented Aztec society had classes and castes:

1. Pillis or nobles: leaders, warriors, traders, merchants
2. Macehuales: ordinary people, peasants, artisans
3. Slaves: tlatlacotin

The governor: tlatoani

Economy

• Sustained by corn, chinampas, felling, and touch
• They had peel systems

Mayans

Forest, old Aztec

Social Organization

• Marked hierarchical social kinship
• Dynasties froman
• Maxima: HALACH UINIC, absolute authority, controls all
• Could have representatives in the cities: BATABS
• Based on corn
• Asset trading
• Warrior character
• Complex ideographic writing and numerical calendar system

Began to decline around 800 AD

Spanish Conquest in America

Scientific advances occurred

Average age ended - 1492

European man: base to the right, anthropocentric

Spain and Portugal

Led marine expeditions

Portugal

Started early fifteenth-century expeditions:

• 1419: Madeira Islands
• 1435: Azores
• 1446: Cape Verde Islands
• 1452: Gulf of Guinea
• 1487: Cape of Good Hope
• 1498: Arrived wing indicated ('s Basque range)

Spain

Expeditions to Atlanta

CAP SANTA FE: title of admiral of the ocean sea, title of don, received 10% profit, took possession of new territories on behalf of kings

American Land Occupation

Foci: spaces to initiate conquest in any particular territory

• Caribbean, West Indies, coast of Panama (1493-1520)
• South-Centroamerica and AM (1520-1534): a particular burden, not been determinante
• Interior regions (1534-1555)

Mexico

1919 Hernan Cortes comes from Cuba, August 13, 1520 callus

Peru

Panama - from 1531 to 1535

Friar Bartolomé de las Casas accused of abuse, laws of Burgos 12 new laws 42

Hernando Magallanes: 1520, Almagro: 1535 to chilli copiapo x highlands horn balle aconcagua vallee, send gomezalvarao

• LA SERENA: juan Bohon 1544 copnce1550, valdivia552, Villarica, 552, angol553, fuertes53
• Indians vs. Tucapel - 1553 Spanish, dies Valdivia
• Garcia, arrives Urtao menodza governor (1957)
• 1598 Curalaba desatre final conquest

Encomienda

Institution given to a Spanish, was given to levy charges that Indians should pay the Spanish government

Fees

• Santillan (1559): personal service, mita, 18 and 50 work, Sesma gold
• Gamboa (1580): vanishes serv staff, money or espesies tribute, not the Indian people encomenderos
• Equilache 1620: no forced labor, tribute money, prohibited work Sundays or holidays

War

• Offensive: alonso 1601-1612 d bank, go occupy lentament Mapuche territory, actually situated, is enslaved indigenous rebels
• Defensive: houses bartolome d 1612-1625