Imperialism, Labor Movements, and Industrial Growth (1870-1914)

Imperialism and its Impact (1870-1914)

Imperialism is the control exercised by certain powerful states over other territories. In the late 19th century, a new, complex type of imperialism took shape on a much larger scale. This new imperialism reached its height between 1870 and 1914 and was dominated by the industrialized countries (colonial empires).

Types of Colonial Administration

• Colony: Territory dominated entirely by the occupying power. There are two types: settler colonies and exploitation colonies.
• Protectorate: Theoretically, the metropole respected the native government.
• Concession: Administration and occupation of a territory within a state for the purpose of trade.

Causes of Imperialism

• Demographic: European demographic growth over the 19th century created population problems, leading millions of Europeans to emigrate to colonies.
• Political: The powers took control of certain territories due to their strategic locations.
• Ideological: Underlying all the justifications was racism (civilizing mission).
• Economic: The powers needed cheap raw materials and energy sources to fuel production.

Urban Society

The social classes also changed: bourgeoisie and nobility merged into a conservative class. The middle class expanded, while the number of peasants decreased rapidly as the proletariat grew.

The Labour Movement

The First International

The International Workingmen's Association (IWA) was founded in London in 1864. The members were divided into:

• Marxists: Followers of Karl Marx, they believed in the victory of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie.
• Anarchists: Led by Mikhail Bakunin, they wanted to abolish all authority and favored direct economic struggle.

The Second International

The Second International, or Socialist International (socialist being equivalent to Marxist at this point), was formed in 1889.

Nationalism and Industrial Production

Nationalism

The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. Also, the belief that people share a common language, history, and culture.

Fordism and Taylorism

• Fordism: The application of the assembly line to the production of goods.
• Taylorism: Scientific management and study of movements to optimize production.

Biggest Industrial Producers

Germany, Japan, and the USA.

Consequences of Finance Capitalism

Consumerism, economic stability, international trade, trade imbalances, increased industrial productivity.