Impact of Tourism: Demographics, Economy, Environment

**Demographic Impact**

In coastal areas, tourism significantly increases the population. This includes young adults seeking employment and adults or retirees relocating permanently. Tourism boosts employment in the tertiary sector and construction. In some declining rural, mountainous areas, and historic cities, tourism has helped slow down depopulation.

**Impact on Settlement**

On the coast, tourism and urban expansion encourage the formation of conurbations. This often results in high-density construction and land speculation. In some rural, mountainous, and urban areas, tourism has contributed to the rehabilitation of built heritage.

**Economic Impact**

Tourism generates over 12% of employment in tourism and related services, many of which require significant labor. Much of this employment is seasonal. Tourism has a multiplier effect on other economic activities, contributing around 11% to the national wealth, making it a key economic pillar. It helps balance trade and influences transport policy, which is often directed toward providing good accessibility to tourist resorts.

**Political, Cultural, and Sociological Implications**

Tourism promotes closer relations between different communities. The impact on local society can be positive, encouraging change and modernization. However, it can also result in the loss of local customs.

**Impact on Land Use**

• In most coastal tourist areas, tourism dictates land use according to its needs, transforming areas into recreational or service zones. The consequences include disturbances to the environment and landscape, economic transformations, and conflicts over land use and resources.
• In rural and mountainous areas, tourism may conflict with agricultural activities or encourage their abandonment.
• In historic towns, old towns often specialize in serving tourist activities.

**Environmental Impact**

The most significant environmental impact of tourism in many areas stems from the rapid development of the sector. Consequences include the construction of large hotel and apartment blocks near beaches, uncontrolled urbanization, destruction of forests and ecosystems, and air pollution.